The Builder 1868-05-23: Vol 26 Iss 1320

May 23, 1868. |

THE BUILDER,

365

Ghe Builder,

VOL. XXVL—No. 1320.

The Art-Exhibition
in Leeds,

HE long-expected and
carefully-prepared Ex-
hibition of Works of
Fine Art in the new in-
firmary, Leeds, was
opened by the Prince
of Wales on Tuesday
last with great éclat,
his Royal Highness fal-

duty with an ease and
earnestness that grati-/
fied and delighted all
concerned. The day)

firmary, it will be re- |
membered, has been

erected from the de-
signs of Professor G. |
G. Scott. It is a red)
brick and stone build. |

may be called nine-
teenth century Anglo-
Italian Gothic. Illus-
trations and descrip-
tive particulars of it
will be found in our
volume for 1864.* It is, of course, founded on
the pavilion plan, the general adoption of which
we take the credit of having materially con-
tributed to bring about. The building is situated
between the Town-hall and St. George’s Church,
and covers an area of 17,300 superficial yards.
It is built to accommodate 300 patients, and has
cost upwards of 110,0001. On March 29th, 1864,
Mr. Alderman Kitson, as chairman of the Build-
ing Committee, laid the foundation-stone, and,
with the exception of a few interruptions conse-
quent on trade disputes, the work continued to
progress till the close of last year, when, so far
as hospital purposes were concerned, it may be
said to have been completed. From ‘south to
north the building measures about 390 ft., and
from east to west about 240 ft. There are five
pavilions, with two wards in each, one over the
other. Owing to the nature of the site, there is
an extra story in the front portion of the building
to what there is at the back, room being only
found at the back or northern end for two floors
in each pavilion, while at the south the pavilions
have three floors, the ground one being used for
offices and other purposes. The pavilions are so
disposed that three stretch northwards, and two,
forming wings as it were to the central building,
where is the principal entrance, stretch towards
the south. The wards are lighted by double
windows on both sides, and are 27 ft. wide, and
from 16 ft. to 19 ft. high. The sonth wards are
122 ft. long; those at the north are 10 ft.
shorter,

It is unnecessary now to go into many parti-
culars, nor shall we here inquire into the merits

* Vol, xxii., pp. 116-117, 152-163,

filling his part of the

was regarded as a ge-
neral holiday, crowds 22 ft.—is passed before the main staircase ig
filled the streets, and | reached. The staircase is lighted by a central
banners waved in all three-light window and by small two-lights.
directions. The In- | The architectural combinations here form seve-

ing, in the style that |

and demerits of the structure as a hospital,
many of the temporary arrangements for the
exhibition interfering considerably to prevent a
proper judgment in this respect. We may add
briefly, that the principal porch is carried out
from the main building on either side upon a
bold arch, and that it consists of three arches
towards the front, The arches rest upon marble
shafting, with carved caps, and the spandrels
are filled in with Minton’s encaustic tiles, the
tiles surrounding carved medallions executed in
floriated work. A balcony, which is formed by
the top of the portico, rests on groining, exe-
cuted in red and white bricks, with stone ribs,
and is ornamented with an open balustrade.
The entrance-hall has a panelled ceiling, the
beams being supported on carved stone corbels.
Three moulded arches, supported on Derbyshire
marble colamns, form the end of the hall, out of
which passage is obtained from the right and
left to a number of the apartments necessary to
the work of the Infirmary, and from the imme-
diate centre to the corridor leading to the grand
staircase. This corridor is 52 ft. long by 14 ft.
wide, and is lighted from the roof. The visitor
passes into it under a semicircular arch, resting
| upon marble colamns. The roof is here of open
timber, and the ribs rest upon marble wall-
' shafting, with carved brackets and shafts, rich
in representations of plants having known medi-
cinal qualities. Another corridor — 33 ft. by

ral pretty pictures. The staircase leads to a

eineiee which goes round the interior of the
| building, and gives access to all the pavilions,

jas well as to the central hall, and to other parts
‘of the building. The chapel has stained glass
in the three two-light windows in the apse, the
gift of the mayor and the mayoress, and Dr.
Heaton.

The buildings were originally designed around
an open court, about 150 ft. long and 65 ft.
wide. For the purposes of the Exhibition it
was at first proposed to cover this temporarily ;
but, as it was soon seen that such a covered
area might be made to serve with good effect as

a winter garden and place of general resort for |

the artists whose works are exhibited. The
Exhibition may be described as consisting of,—

1. A collection of paintings in oil by the old
masters, from the fifteenth to the eighteenth
century.

2. A series of works in oil by British artists,
down to the present day.

3. A series of paintings by modern foreign
artists. :

4. A collection of water-colour drawings by
British artists, deceased and living.

5. Engravings and etchings.

6. Drawings and sketches by the old masters,

7. A collection’ of miniatures in the same
gallery.

8. A portrait-gallery of Yorkshire worthies,
contained in the corridors round the central
court.

9. A museum of ornamental art, consisting of
works from the earliest period to the present
century, arranged in the chapel and adjoining
rooms.

And 10. An Oriental museum.

The works of the old masters have been
selected, and the collection formed by the Chief
Commissioner (Mr. J. B. Waring), and by Mr.
Redford, the Assistant Commissioner, by whom
the pictures of the Italian, Spanish, and French
Schools have been arranged. The galleries,
containing paintings by British artists, have
been formed under the superintendence of Mr.
R. C. Saunders. The gallery of pictures by
modern foreign artists has been formed under
the superintendence of Mr. L. Lefévre. The
engravings and etchings have been collected and
arranged by the Honorary Superintendent, Mr.
W. Smith, F.8.A. The gallery of Yorkshire
worthies has been entirely formed by the Hono-
rary Superintendent, Mr. Hailstone. The museum
of ornamental art has been collected and clas-
sified by the Superintendent of the Museum, Mr.
W. Chaffers.

The Indian Museum has been entrusted to
Dr. J. Forbes Watson, who seems to have a
monopoly in this direction. The very interesting
collection of lace and embroidery has been
formed by Mrs. Hailstone. For the floral
decorations, with the statues and trophies, we
will praise Mr. H. ©. Brandling, and add a

word for Mr. Metcalfe for a well-designed set

convalescent patients, a more permanent roof of | of penons.

iron and glass was determined oni end an. teen/

executed by Messrs. Handyside from a design |
by Mr. Ordish, at a cost, including flooring and
other contingencies, of nearly 4,0001., the Ex-
hibition Committee making themselves liable
for half this amount, and the Infirmary Com-
mittee for the other half. We may say, en pas-
sant, that opinions differ in Leeds very consider-
ably as to the wisdom of making the Infirmary so
large and costly as it is. The Infirmary Com-
mittee, of course, look hopefully to the result of
this Exhibition. It is anticipated that the profit
will be 20,0001. If this be the case it is pro-
posed, we understand, that the sum of 12,0001.
shall first be paid out of the profits in the name
of rent for the use of the Infirmary building,
to be divided between the Infirmary and the
Mechanics’ Institution in the proportions agreed
upon, being one-fifth (but not exceeding 2,0001.
altogether) to the latter, and the rest to the
Infirmary. One-half of the remaining profits
are to be paid over to the Infirmary, and the
other half applied for the establishment of a
permanent gallery of art in Leeds.

Passing by, however, the question of finance,
it was in this winter garden, filled with hand-
somely-dressed persons, and adorned with flowers,
shrubs, statues, and flags, that the Prince, after
some very fair musical performances, received
addresses, made replies clearly and genially, and
ultimately declared, in the name of her Majesty
the Queen, the Exhibition open.'

The catalogue bas been compiled by Mr. B. N.
James, and includes biographical notices of all

The following, we are told, gives the number
|of works in the Exhibition :—

Old Masters (Italian, Spanish, and French) .., 424
bl German, Flemish, Dutch, &c.)... 402
British Deceased Painters in 294
British Living Painters in sa 183
Modern Foreign Artists... 262
British Water Colours ........... 363
Drawings by os Old Masters =

Etchings and Engravings ............:csecseesseessens
Museum Focaneasels Sacminiaiinn 2,500
WRIRMRONI OG 6. .ccccesetsccscccccccsccccesccseseee 336
The Dudley Gallery -_ 28
Yorkshire Worthies ....00.....c0csssrs0e0 avterutceens . 2272
Indian Museum .o.ccssesseeecsssreeeerneeneneenencenens . 300
Petal ccrecicecrsrer 5,904

Commencing in Gallery A the visitor may
study the infancy of modern art in the religious
works of the Florentine painters, and trace it
from this beginning in the early part of the
fourteenth century as displayed in “ the Coro-
nation of the Virgin,” by Orcagna, to its culmi-
nation in the more perfectly developed Roman
school of Raffaelle, as seen in his ‘‘ Holy Family,”
No. 246, Gallery B. It is interesting to note the
general prevalence of religious thought among
the early painters, and no better mode of com-
paring the styles of the several artists, or esti-
mating the progress of art, can be adopted by
the general observer, than in noticing the
distinct treatments which that subject of so
many of the pictures, the Holy Family, has met
with. Conventionally treated at first, with
purely conventional accessories, such as the gold
back-ground, adopted from the more humble
department of decorative art, we see these con-
ventionalities gradually disappearing before the

F

366

THE BUILDER,

[May 23, 1868,

matured experience of the later masters, and | hoven will be subjects of interest also, from their
eventually, as in the marvellous masterpieces of | own imtrinsic excellence, and from the fact that
Raffacile, Leonardo, and Luini, becoming ali that | the artist is, in his own country, what we English.
consummate power in art and the most reverent | men, with a beautifal mixture of simplicity and |

and cultured imaginations could portray. In
these two galleries, containing the Italian,
Spanish, and French pictures, which have a

patriotism, call the Belgian Landseer; just as,

when the brilliant advent of Rosa Bonheur set:
the British world of art in motion, we showed

definite historical connexion, the student of art | our great love and appreciation of her produc-

will see each great school represented by its
greatest of masters—the Italian, with its nu-
merous sub-divisions, of the Florentine, Roman,
Venetian, Bolognese, Lombardic, and Neapolitan
schools, displaying a constellation of genius £0
brilliant that no other country may ever hope to
rival it, nor the world to see its like again ; the
Spanish school, with its crowning glories of
Murillo and Velasquez; and the French echool,
whose representatives, such as the Poussins,
Claude, Vernet, Watteau, and Greuze, are so
distinctly national in type and characteristic in
their originality of treatment.

In Gallery C the same historical progress in
the works of the German, Flemish, and Datch
masters may be noted. The first picture,
No. 501, is a most interesting work on ac-
count of its subject and the author of it, “ The
Installation of Thomas a Becket,” by Jobm Van
Eyck, the inventor of the processof oil painting,
and the founder of the Flemish school. This

tions by immediately calling her the French
Landseer.

In the water-colour collection some of our best
men are well represented. Hunt shows us the

poetry of common nature, just precisely that
poetry which we do not look for, and which
sweetens existence to those who can see it. With
Lewis we visit the East, not as, in our youth, the
Arabian Nights led us there, but to see a literal
transcript of the life of the people, recorded with
such art as only John Van Eyck or Albert
Durer could have attempted. Let those who
have time stand before the Frank encampment
of Lewis, not for a passing moment, but for
many moments, regarding it firet as a monu-
ment of the art of the 19:h century, and after-
wards inch by inch to see the perfect attainment
of art power. Do not neglect to use whatever
magnifying help you have at hand, for there is
not the surface of a pebble, the feather of a bird,
or an inch of the canvas tent that is not a reali-

and the two important pictures by Albert Durer, | sation. Who is there, also, that cannot appre-

(505 and 506), will show the cradle of the Flemish |
and German schools, as the early works in|

ciate, or hesitates to love the works of Birket
Foster? Wherever bright-eyed children exist

Gallery A indicated the beginning of the Italien. | and primroses grow, he will find his appreciators,
Let the visitor regard well the refinement end | as he has already found his eubjects; and as
delicacy of these early works, comparing them | long as English people love their country and
with the productions of the schools founded by | delight in its simple beauties of hedgerow and

these artists.
Durer, No. 505, is a marvellous production.

“The Crucifixion,” by Albert | bank, and seaceast and bright sky, so long will
the lovely epics of this artist be most keenly

Mr. Waring says justly, in his introductory | enjoyed.

notices, that however desirable it might have

The collection of engravings is an interesting

been, it was not possible to form in the present | though not exhaustive one, and Mr. W. Smith

Exhibition a complete series of works illustra- | bas prefaced the list with some
“The | on the history of the art. One of the earliest

tive of the art of oil painting in Europe.

notes

earlier productions of the great masters in Italy, | specimens of wood-engraving is the well-known
Germany, and Flanders are well known, and are | representation of St. Christopher carrying the
preserved in certain localities, which the student |infant Saviour, the only impression being in
of art must visit before he cam form an adequate | Lord Spencer’s Collection, which bears the date
idea of their value. In the present instance, we | of 1423. The first productions were rude, ill-
have collected such pictures as will serve to| drawn, and little more than outline. Towards
illustrate the rise of oil painting in Europe, and/the end of that century renowned painters,
give the visitor an idea of the characters of the| especially Albert Diirer and Lucas Cranach,
various Schools from the fifteenth eentary on-| adopted the process, and by their hands, or
wards. For this purpose a certain degree of! nnder their personal direction, were executed
chronological arrangement has been kept, but | those works which still excite universal admira-
cur principal object bas been to render the col-| tion. Im fact, the former artist may be fairl¢

lections attractive and interesting.”
The earliest paintings in oil are executed on
wood panel, end the use of prepared canvas did

not become general till the close of the fifteenth | to have

considered the founder of the art as it is now
practised.

Scarcely any attempt in line engraving seems
made as far as this country is

century, but in every instance, until within a | concerned, till about the middle of the sixteenth
comparatively late date, when the making of | century, when certain foreigners, chiefly Fiem-

colours became a separate manufacture, the
artist prepared his own colours, or employed an

assistant to doso for him, under hisown guidance. | books.

The purity of the material, and the care taken
in the process, led im @ great measure to the

ings, obtained employment in London in engrav-
ing portraits, frontispieces, and illustrations to
In the following century, William
Faithorne, a native of London (1620—1691),
having, from his adherence to the cause of

excellent preservation in which eld paintings are | Charics 1., been compelled to live for some time

generally found, unless roughly treated, whilst
maby of our modern productions fade away or
crack to pieces even during the lifetime of the
artist, who, regardless of chemical experience or
ignorant of the nature of the material he employs,
especially in the unfortunate use of asphaltum,
produces very perishable works, to his own
vexation and the purchaser’s loss.

Various good examples of the three great
masters of English art— Hogarth, Reynolds, and
Gainsborough—will be noticed in gallery D.
George Muiend, a purely Englich pamter of
great natural ability, is also well sllustrat d ; and
the diploma pictures from the Ri yal Academy,
or pictures presented by artists on their election
as Royal Academicians, serve to show the pro-
gress of art from the early part of the century
almost to the present dey.

There is much to admire, nevertheless, in the
French and Belgien pictures here brought to-
gether, and from their novelty to the general
public, arising from their difference in subject
and feeling from our own pictures, as well as from
their variety in technical treatment, we shall
expect the Foreign Gallery to bec me a general
favourite with the public. The delicate work
and exquisite finish of Edouard Frare, the refined
drawing and elegance of composition of Ary
Scheffer, if not representing the power of the
French school in historical art, di lays most

in Paris, and having probably worked with some
of the great engravers before mentioned, at-
tained remarkable excellence. His plates are
executed with consummate skilJ, and have a
brilliant and powerful effect. Several years
later, Hogarth (1698—1764) agaim introduced
the practice of the painter engraving his own
works; end the English school reached its high-
est position when Strange, Wvollett, and Sharp
produced their well-known works, which, es-
pecially in the Jandscapes engraved by the
vec: nd, are still enrivalied.

In the present collection etchings have been
placed first, on account of their being the near-
est approach to original drawings. The increase
in the pecuniary value of works of art of this.
description during the last few years is enormous.
An impression of Rembrandt's Christ Healing the
Sick in the Temple, called the Hundred Guilder
Piece, on account of its being traditionally
stated that he once sold an impression for that
sum (little more than eight pownds), correspond-
ing in every respect with No. 13 in this collec-
tion, was sold by auction in London, in 1867, for
1,1801, In 1788, one exactly similar sold at the
Hague for 84 guilders (seven pownds), and there
is good reason for believing it to be the one new
m this Exhibition.

The Museum of Ornamental Art contains a
series of works remarkable for their artistic

attractively its sentiment; and Rosa Bonheur, | merit, from the time of the ancient Egyptians
im her water-colour drawings of Highland cattle,| or some thousands of years before the com-

to us in

such ag we ad mencement of our era, down to the present cen-

appeals
ready to hear. The animal pictures of Verboeck- tury. An extraordinary amount of ingenions

,and clever adaptation of natural modes to the

purposes of industrial art, and a wonderful
power and delicacy of manipulation, are to be
remarked in the earliest, equally with the latest,
productionsof man’s hands; and it is a noticeable
fact that, for purity and simplicity of style, for a
high and keen appreciation of natural beauty,
the ancient Greeks have still the advantage over
us of the present day. It is hoped that the ar.
tisan, especially, will carefully note the more
remarkable examples of that class im which he
may be personally interested; and away
with him, not only many valuable ideas, but an
increased sense of the estimation in which the
best specimens of artistic industry are held by
all educated persons, as affording a high idea of
the genius of the people who were able to produce
them.

We may have an opportunity to go more into
detail hereafter, and to say something on the
remarkable improvement that is going on in
Leeds, one of the most rapidly-growing towns in
the country. It has increased from 38,017
houses and 172,258 inhabitants in 1851, to
46,168 houses and 207,138 inhabitants in 1861;
while now it is estimated that there are about
55,000 houses and upwards of 240,000 people in
the borough. While this has been going on,
changes equally noticeable have been
place im the appearance of the streets and build.
ings. With very few exceptions, previously to the
erection of the Town Hall, there was scarcely a
public building that could lay any claim to ar-
chitectural beauty. Of the buildings that have
been reared any length of-time, only two or
three bad any pretensions to architectural
merits, while even their merits were of a very
shadowy description. As the inhabitants, how-
ever, gradually realised the beauty and sym-
metry of their hall, they erected new and
handeome buildings which now adorn what was
at one time one of the most prosaic and ill-built
towns in the country. Not only have the volun-
tary subscriptions of the public being generously
given during the past ten years to provide
buildings better adapted to the growing wanta
of the ‘hospitals, more in accordance with the
teaching of science, and calculated, while alle-
viating suffering and distress, to contribute to
the adornment of the town, but they have been
a8 freely extended to agencies whose chief object
is the cultivation of man’s mental powers. The
destroyer of all external beanty im the town is
smoke; but as we do not desire to end these
remarks with a gromble, we will take some other
oceasion to issue our counter-blast.

CEDAR AND ITS RELATIONS.

THERE are certain material objects in this
world which possess, im our opinion, more
inherent interest—more poetry and even philo-
sophy—than can ly be extracted from the
study of numerous families of the human race.
A good deal, of courve, lies in the association.
That metallic substance which we call gold is,
for instance, of far greater human interest—
particularly regarding the subjects with which
it may be correlated—-than the anthro of
the Zulu Oaffres or the dusky natives of the
Gold Coast. And we are quite sure that most
people would prefer a practical acquaintance
with the history of the mineral to that of the
men. It is upon this principle that we have
chosen this week to give our readers a disqui-
tition upon 8 well-known tree, rather than excite
any discussion, which at one time we felt
tempted to do, concerning the aboriginal savages
whose skulls are said to be imbedded in the
glacial drift.

And the tree which we have chosen for our

recalls the most vivid impressions of the grandeur
and glory of the chosen people of the

i

Certainly, the cedar is of all trees the most
renowned of Scriptural history. It bears the
same relation to Syria and Palestine that the
ork does to the British empire, Who has not
heard of the cedars of Lebanon ? Who does not
kuow of the exquisitely beautiful and solemn
passages of Hebrew to which they supply

a

the metaphors? When the gacred historian
the kings of Israel wishes to couvey to
readers an adequate impression of the
of Solomon he is not satisfied with the
essertion that his wisdom excelled

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May 23, 1868.]

THE BUILDER.

367

thonsand proverbs and a thousand songs; but

he adds, by way of a crowning illustration,

that “he spake of trees from the cedar tree

that is in Lebanon even unto the hyssop that
ingeth out of the wall.” *

Similarly, the Prophet Isaiah, in threatening
confusion to the kings and nobles of their back-
sliding people, does so under the similitude of
levelling with the dust the cedar of Lebanon
and the oaks of Bashan.¢ “ Behold !” says Eze-
kiel, in his denunciatory comparison of Pharaoh

of prodigious size and expanse, which again
divide irregularly into branchlets. The cones
are erect, oval, and rounded at both ends in a
semicircle, about 4 in. long by 3 in. in diameter,
requiring two years to come to maturity; and
clinging to the parent tree for years before their
scales fall off and the seeds are set free. But
we need not pursue the technical description.
We shall only add here, that on its native moun-
tains cedar is often found at the base of the
highest peaks, at an altitude sometimes of

to the late Assyrian empire; “the Assyrian was 8,000 ft. above the level of the sea.

a cedar in Lebanon,” &c.~ In short,we maysum| It is, indeed, on the loftier ranges of Lebanon,
up the symbolism of the cedar in the poetry of| we are told by a recent traveller,* that the
the Old Testament by sayiog that it was used trne Scriptural cedar flourishes; and he has
in its strength as an emblem of wisdom, power, | repeatedly followed the wildest of the routes,
dominion, and ity; in its fall as a fitting | with or without a path, clinging to the shelving
illustration of portentous calamity and desolation. | declivities with a wilderness of rocks and ravines

It must not, however, be supposed from what | sinking away westward down to the sea. The
we have written that cedar is the most import- | plateau where the cedars grow is more than
ant tree in Syria in an economical point of view. 6,000 ft. above the level of the Mediterranean ;
We mast not overlook the olive (Olea europea). |and above and aronnd are: gathered the very
The palm and the olive are almost indispensable | loftiest and greyest peaks of the Lebanon moun-
to the comfort and even the existence of the mass |tains. The forest is not large, containing not
ofthe community, Bread, oil for cooking, oil for! more than 500 trees, great and small, grouped
lamps, paper, soap, are the produce of the olive. | irregularly on the sides of shallow ravines, which

Indeed, the olive is to the modern Arab what | mark the birthplace or fountain of the Kadisha, | ;

the fish-oil is to the Esquimaux,—it is his all in'/or the Holy River. But, although the space
all. Hence the general lamentation over a | covered by the trees is not large, yet whenever
failure of the olive harvest; and hence the ex- | one gets fairly within the grove, and beneath the
pression of the prophet who says, “ Although | giant arms of those old patriarchs of a hundred
the labour of the olive shall fail . . . yet I will! generations, there comes a solemn hush upon
rejoice in the Lord” (Hab. iii. 17,18). Nor should | the soul like an enchantment. “Climb into one,
we pass by without a single allusion to the and you are delighted with a succession of ver-
Oriental or Syrian sycamore.§ The Syrian syca- 'dant floors spread around the trunk, and gradn-
more, indeed, is the true type of the plain, ally narrowing as you ascend. The beautifal
as contrasted with cedar, which is the best | cones seem to stand upon or rise out of this
type of the mountain trees of Palestine. It is green flooring. I have gathered hundreds of
easily propagated. It strikes out roots with | these cones for friends in Europe and America ;
rapidity and to a vast depth. Its ample |and you will see them in private cabinets more
girth, its wide-spread arms branching off from frequently than any other memento of the Holy
the parent trunk only a few feet from the | Land.”
ground, and its enormous roots (it has no ten-| There is much discrepancy in the statements
rils) are in every respect suitable to the light, | of different authorities with regard to the number,
porous, sandy soil, and the variable, often tem- | variety, and age of the trees, as well as the extent
pestuons climate. The natives say the syca-/ of ground which the grove embraces. Dr. Thom-
more bears seven crops of figs in the year. But | son, whom we have just quoted, says, about half a
it varies in this respect. The wood is soft and| dozen acres; others say, three-quarters of a
of little value. This is implied in various pas- square mile. Again, some travellers suppose
of Scripture. Thus in Isaiah (ix. 10) it is that most of the trees in the grove may be 200
said, “ The sycamores are cut down, but we will | years old; several between the ages of 400 and
change them into cedars :” and in the days of | 800 years; and twelve trees in particular, whose
Solomon it is also said, “He made cedara to be age is incalculable; seven standing very near
in Jerusalem as the sycamore trees that are in each other; three more a little farther on,
the vales for abundance.” It is a tender tree,' nearly in a line with them; and two on the
and flourishes immensely in. sandy plains and northern edge, not observed by any recent tra-
warm vales; but cannot bear the hard cold’ vellers, excepting Lord Lindsay, who says these
mountain. A sharp frost will kill them, which are respectively 63 ft. and 49 ft. in ciroumfer-
agrees with the fact that they were killed by the! ence. On this head Dr. Thomson remarks that
frost in Egypt. (Ps. Ixxviii. 43-47.) Of these it is not easy to draw any such line of demarka-
three trees, however,—the olive, the sycamore, tion. The girth of the largest is more than 4I ft. ;
and the cedar,—there can be no question but the the height of the highest-may be more than
greatest historical and ecclesiastical interest 100 ft. There is, in point of fact, a complete
belongs to the cedar. ‘gradation of small and comparatively young
The cedars of Lebanon have been celebrated trees to the very oldest patriarchs of the forest.
from the very dawn of history for their beauty “I counted 443, great and small, and this cannot
and magnificence, as well as the excellence and be far from the true number.” Even this group,
durability of their timber. The dark natural however, is not uniform. Some are struck down
evergreen hue has obviously given rise to the by lightning; some are broken by enormous
names (L., Cedrus; Gr., Kedros; Heb., Kadar, loads of snow; some are torn to fragments by
literally, “to be dark”). Gesenins seems to the terrific tempests that sweep over Lebanon
indicate that the Hebrew root signifies also like a tornado; and finally, even the sacrilegious
“coiled,” or “ compressed ;” that, in fact, the axe is often lifted up against them. But, on the
term is expressive of a mighty and deeply- other hand, young trees are constantly springing
rooted tree. Both etymologies, it may be con-| up from the roots of the old ones, and from the
ceded, are correct; and its splendid foliage, seed of ripe cones infant cedars in thousands
and the rich perfame of its timber, are the may be seen springing from the soil. As the
qualities upon which it depends for the universal grove is wholly unprotected, and greatly fre-
and long-continued estimation in which it has quented both by men and animals, these are, of
been held. It belongs to the natural order | course, quickly destroyed. But this simple fact
Conifer, the Pinus cedrus of the older botanists, demonstrates the possibility of increasing the
but it is now ranked by modern phytologists in | propagation to any extent, and undoubtedly the
the genus Abies (fir); or in the genus Lari« | whole of the upper terraces of Lebanon might be

(larch), by that school, who make Larix a dis- | covered, as of old, with groves of this noble tree; | young

tinct genus from Abies; or, finally, it is held and might again furnish the timber for other
by some to be the type of a genus Cedrus—dis-|temples and other “houses of the forest of

their bark which has survived the decay of the
rest. Russeger, a well-known German botanist,
is inclined to suppose that the age of these
Scriptural trees may possibly number 2,000
years,—a term, we may add, that wonld not
carry us back even to the era of the last of the
Old Testament prophets. As to their dimen-
sions, there are at this moment r trees every
way, and much taller, on the banks of the Ohio;
and the loftiest of the cedars in Lebanon
might take shelter under the lowest branches of
the Californian pines.

Maundrell, who visited them on Sunday, the
9th of May, 1697, observes in his valuable book,
which is too little known by modern com-
mentators,—*

- i of any other yy 7 A I made another
— this day to see the cedars and Canobine. Having
gone for three hours across the plain of Tripoli, I arrived at
the foot of Libanus, and from thence continually ascending,
not without i I came in four hours and s half
to a small called , and in two hours and a half
more to the cedars. These noble trees grow among the
snow near the highest parts of Lebanon, and are remark-
able as well for their age and largeness as for those frequent
allusions made to them in the Word of God. There are
some of them very old, and of s ae bulk; and
others, younger, of a smaller size. Of the former I could
only reckon up sixteen ; but the latter are very numerous,
I measured one of the largest. and found it 12 yards 6 in.
in girth, and yet sound, and 37 yards in the spread of its

i wy 44s At about five or six yards from
the ground it was divided into five limbs, each of which
was equal to a great tree.”

In addition to this, Mr. Hartwell Horne,t+
tells us, that in the year 1550 the old Scriptural
cedars are stated to have been twenty-eight in
number ; im 1575, twenty-four; in 1600, twenty-
three; in 1738, fifteen; in 1810, twelve; and
finally, in the year 1818, when they were visited
by Mr. Rae Wilson, they were redaced to seven !

tin ed from Larix by its evergreen leaves
and carpels separating from the axis—which
has received the appropriate name of Cedrus
Iibani. Although in foliage, and to some extent
in its physiological charavter, the cedar resem-
bles the common larch, it differs extremely in
form and habit. Its stem bears almost from
the ground, where the trunk frequently splits
into quarters, irregularly placed branches, often

* 1 Kings, iv. 33—36,

Ezek. xxxi. 3. . ¢

Lebanon!”

Upon, the whole, then, it may be stated with | grad

to those celebrated trees whieh once
flourished in the forest of Lebanon, that only a
very few now remain. They are also more re-
markable for their girth than their stature, and
their age cannot be accurately determined. The
rules by which botanists determine the of
trees are not applicable to these ancient ;
for their stems have ceased to grow in regular
concentric rings, and they owe their prolonged
existence to the superior vitality of a portion of

Vide “ The Land

* Dr. Thomson, an American writer.
Edinburgh: Nelson, 1865.

and the Book,” 8vo.

is traveller described the few which he
observed as being about 15 ft. in height, and
twisted together ; and moreover, that imstead of
spreading out their branches with a natural
irregularity, their outline was confined to one
aniform pyramidal cone (p. 89).

Before proceeding to describe the applications
of cedar, we may say a few words with regard
to the soil and climate of Lebanon. In the first
place, the name Lebanon itself signifies white,
and was applied either on account of the snow
which during a great part of the year covers its
whole summit (Tacitus, Hist., v. 6), or on account
of the white colour of its limestone cliffs amd
peaks. It is the “ White Mountain,” the Mont
Blanc of Palestine,—an appellation which seems
to be given, in one form or another, to the high-
est mountains in all the countries of the Old
World.t Sucha geological tract of mountainons
country has, of course, its corresponding pic-
turesque ecenery and variable climate. With
regard to the soil, we can only say that, in what-
ever soils, altitudes, and climates, whether in a
natural or cultivated state, the pine tribe, when
in luxuriant growth and perfect health, will be
found to be indigenous. The soil must be more
or less rich in natural homus,—that is, vege-
table mould combined with alluvia and rocky
débris, which have throughout a series of ages
been pulverising, decomposing, and aceumulat-
ing, and so prepared in nature’s laboratory as
pine food. When found in their greatest beauty
it is generally in mountainous countries; but
almost any description of soil will suit them,
excepting a soft peat or spongy marsh. Such a
soil as they require is abundantly supplied by
the decompesition of the mountains of Lebanon ;
and so fertile is this sacred ground in pine food
that it produces with equal luxuriance the cedar
and the Seotch fir.

All modern travellers in the East, from Lamar-
tine to Lord Lindsay, concur in lamenting the
decay of the cedars of Lebanon. We have already
pointed out what a source of national income it
might prove were the valleys pretected and the
trees suffered to arrive at maturity. But
unless a wiser and more i Government
control the eountry, such a result could hardly
‘be realised; and, indeed, the whole forest will
ually die out under the wasteful negligence
of the Turk and the Arab. Let us hope that
the Sultan will, among other reforms in his in-
teresting dominions, see to the protection of the
cedars of Lebanon. ¢ : :

Still, even im the case of their dying out, which
we shall never contemplate, the tree will not
be lest. It has been propagated by the nut or

* “Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem,” p. 142, Ed.
1707. rf . ”
¢ See « Diet, of the Bible,” edited by Dr. Smith, art.

* Lebanon.”

368

THE BUILDER.

[May 23, 1868.

seed in many of the noblest parks of Europe.
Indeed, there are more cedars within fifty miles
of London than there are on the mountains of
Syria taken together. The celebrated tree at
Sion House is now 8 ft. in diameter above the
ground. Even in the Highlands of Inverress-
shire it succeeds so well that trees planted at
Beaufort Castle, the seat of Lord Lovat, in the
year 1783, are now 3 ft. or 4 ft. in diameter. We
all know how the great Lord Chatham conceived
@ passion for cedars, and what an expense he
was at to gratify it.* Indeed, it must be ad-
mitted that there is something singularly attrac-
tive in the very name. When Miss Braddon, in
her best novel, chooses for her scene of action a
villa named “ The Cedars,” we can all under-
stand the motive which influenced the autho-
ress. The oaks, the hollies, the beech-woods,
the laurel-groves, have had their day; but the
cedar blooms fresh as a perennial spring flower.
We have thus briefly and imperfectly sketched
the outlines of the most interesting portions of
the natural history and associations of the
cedar. In another article we shall describe
some of its leading economical applications.

DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF MEXICO.+
THERE are two or three descriptions of town

houses erected in the Mexican cities: there is)

the town residence or casa grande of the broad-

acred Mexican don, erected of large capacity, |

with ground-floor and floor above; another
house of equal area, of one floor only,

shopmen, and others; and stores, or “ tiendas,”
are sometimes made in the corner rooms or the

The ground plan is generally square or rectan-
gular; the outer part of the area of the plot is |
built upon, and the inner part is left open for ,
the purposes of a yard. The entrance is through |

@ gateway in the middle of the front, though |

there are accesses through the store; and the.

used for a
similar purpose; and another of similar space, |
that is converted into one or more residences,
for a lower class of the population,—clerks,

covered corridor round the inner side of the
building, and an approach to the rooms.

The walls are smoothly finished, and coloured
in some delicate tint, and the exterior is fre-
quently ornamented with grotesque figures, or
figures of animals, painted in prominent pla
upon them, and also to imitate plinths, string-
courses, cornices, &c.

The principal apartments occupy the front of
the buildings, and the wings form the chambers,
which are lighted by windows opening into the
corridor; the windows in front are large, and
open down to the ground, and are protected out-
side by an iron guard railing, sometimes plain,
and at others elaborately ornamented, and the
inside is closed in with shutters.

Of course, the shutters being open during the
day, the air circulates freely through the apart-
ments. The inside rooms are sometimes white-
washed, and sometimes coloured with colours of
a delicate tint, and a few of them are occasion-
ally left plain, while others are highly orna-
mented with wreaths or scrolls of flowers, formed
in imitation of the beautiful indigenous flowers,
or other designs, which has a very pleasing,
chaste, and even elegant appearance, and forms
a striking contrast to many of our rudely-
designed and roughly-executed paper-hangings,
with which we delight to cover the walls of our
houses, but even these begin to show symptoms
of improvement in that respect. The dexterity
these colourers or plasterers display in the
colouring and finishing off an apartment is
something to be wondered at, considering the
netural indolence of the Mexican. The stencil
plates are cleverly and nicely cut out of card-
board, and are well and correctly applied, repre-
senting the different colours of flowers, fruits, or
animals, with considerable accuracy and artistic
effect.

The floors of the houses are usually covered

front rooms of the building. | with red quarry tiles, also the corridor, and the

We will now proceed to describe the latter. |

yards are generally paved with small boulder
paving-stones; but in many instances small
gardens are formed in the centre of the open
space, planted with the beautiful evergreens and
flowers that flourish in the country, and adding
a redeeming feature of peculiar interest and
delight to the otherwise rather poor and meagre

part of the building that is not occupied by the | espect of the place.

proprietor of the store is divided into a series of |

apartments that are rented by others; and the,
one room serves for living-room and bedroom, a)
cot being fixed in the corner of the room.

These are generally erected of the usual sub-
stantial style-—thick rubble walls, covered with |
an overhanging roof and red tiles; large windows
opening down to the ground, protected by iron
guards and shutters; and the inside is white-
washed, and but rarely ornamented.

The whole aspect of the building is bare and
comfortless; but as the Mexican spends little of
his time in his casa, that does not disturb his
complacency; he can ride out and do a little
brigandage, or attend the store, or while away
his spare hours in the fascinations of the billiard-
room, or at the card-table, and win his pools of
dazzling dollars.

There is a kitchen common to all the oocu-
piers of the casa, in which their coffee, tortillias,
and frijoles may be cooked; but they do ndt
trouble it very frequently, as they breakfast
about 10 a.m. and dine late in the evening, and
these two meals a day are generally made to
suffice for the wants of nature. About middle
day cakes and sweetmeats are carried round to
the houses, in which the Mexicans freely in-
dulge; and this, we suppose, is intended for
their luncheon.

The “casa médio” is a building of somewhat
more pretension than the one just described; it
is likewise built on a square plan, the onter
space being covered and the inner area open
to the heavens; the yard is usually approached
through a gateway in the centre of the building,
closed in with a good substantial gate.

The walls are thick and strong, and roofed in
with overhanging eaves, the outer eaves being
used to cover the sidepath, and the inner one
made wider, sapported on pillars, to form a

* He then sold Hayes and took possession of a villa at
, where he

this part of bis life with the wealthiest uerors
of and Tanjore. At Burton Pynsent he ordered a
cedars. Cedars

grest extent of ground to be planted with
enough for the purpose were not to be found in Somerset-
shire. T were, therefore, collected in London, and
sent — pares ye aes of labourers

. we went on night toreblight.—
Vide Macaulay's w Orisieal ond Histoniont Bossy” “* The

i

Earl of Chatham.” |

t See pp. 7 and 202, ante,

‘o | together with tastefully designed

The rear part of the block of building is
usually occupied as the kitchen, scullery, stables,
&c., as previously described in the case of the
hacienda.

But the principal buildings of a Mexican city,
after the cathedral, churches, and nunneries are
described, is undoubtedly the town mansion, or
“casa grande,” of the Senor Don of Mexico,
and there are many of them of considerable
extent and pretentions to architectural display.

The ground-floor of these houses are similar
to those above described, but there is another
story or floor above it; and the approach to the
upper floor is effected by means of staircases
from the inner corridor of the buildings.

The fronts of these buildings are supported on
arches and pillars, which support a gallery or
corridor above, and form a covered way be-
neath similar to the rows in Chester; and these
pillars and arches are continued to the story
above to support the usual overhanging roof,
which in thie case is made much wider, and the
spaces between the pillars on the ground-floor
are left open to the street, but above ornamental
balustrades are fixed between the pillars as a
protection to the gallery, and for architectural
and artistic effect.

There is also some architectural display at
their gateways; on each side are ornamental
pillars, with suitable bases and capitals, con-
nected together with a well-turned arch, and
above the archway is erected a pediment giving
6 finish and an effect to the whole, and a strong,
well-executed gate closes in the main entrance.
The window openings are also highly ornamented
with well-designed and sometimes rich iron rail-
ings, and the windows have usually the luxury
of glass, and are closed in with large and mas-
sive shutters.

In the interior of the area or courtyard is
rather ar elaborate and imposing display of pil-
lared and arched arcades, tier upon tier, connected
and ornamental
balustrades to protect the gallery and the open-
ings to the staircases: this elevation is sur-
mounted with an ornamental eaves-board.

The pillars of many of the buildings are deco-
rated with well-executed bases and ornamental
capitals, and the arches of these arcades on the
upper floor are sometimes partially or wholly

filled in with trellis work, in which are trained

and entwined the beautiful creeping plants that
flourish in that glowing clime: there is sug.
pended in graceful festoons the many coloured
convolvulus, the chastely white clematis and
jessamine, the bright Virginian creepers, and

laces | others of Nature’s floral gems that revel in wild

luxuriance and magnificence in the recesses of
their forests, and are very properly bronght
forth, and beantifully and usefully applied to
minister to the luxury, the refinement, and hap.
piness of man.

The upper floors of these “casa grandes” are
used as drawing, dining, and general reception
rooms, in the front part; the sides and ends are
used as chambers, and the lower apartments are
used as domestic offices, servants’ apartments,
kitchens, stables, coachhouses; in fact, to ac-
commodate the whole of the servants of the
establishment,

The open inner area, as in all Mexican
honses, is nicely paved over, except the centre
part, which is devoted to # pretty and pictu-
resque garden, in which are cultivated all the
choice and beauteous flowers and plants of the
tropics, and even some of those of European
origin, the graceful evergreen trees and endless
blooming flowers giving it at all times a bright
and pleasing appearance, and forming one of the
most delightfal and interesting objects con-
nected with the domestic architecture of Mexico.

In the centre of the area, that is devoted to
the flower-garden is erected a fountain, throw.
ing out cool and refreshing jets of sparkling
water ; these are conveniently fixed and arranged
for watering the plants, to cool the heated atmo-
sphere of the enclosed area, and to afford at all
times a supply of water to the house, and also to
the horses, mules, and other animals kept at the
establishment.

The decoration of the exterior of these build-
ings is generally of an elaborate and costly
character, but of the same style as previously
described ; and the interiors of the apartments
and galleries are also profusely ornamented
according to the taste and character of the
occupant, and the means he has at his com-
mand, which are now in many cases much reduced
from the effects of the uasettled state of the
country, and the anarchy and commotion that
have so long prevailed there; butstill, there are
isolated cases of better fortane.

In the fronts of those large houses where the
pillared and arcaded plan is not adopted they
are frequently architecturally decorated with
elaborately designed and testily ornamented iron
balconies, sometimes extending the whole length
of the front of the upper floor, at others made
separately for each window, and ornamental iron
bronze-work railing is used to protect the lower
windows that open down to the ground. These
designs are evidently the handiwork of intel-
lectual minds, well skilled in the manipulation
of iron and the fine arte, as established and
cultivated in Spain, particularly in Biscay, which
had a world-wide reputation.

The interiors of some of the Mexican resi-
dences are elegantly fitted up and sumptuously
“arnished, the produce of the skilled of
the civilized capitals of Europe ; and elaborately
varved and decorated furniture, recherché mirrors
and lustres, ormolu, gold, and silver ornaments,
aod statuary of exquisite design and taste, adorn
their saloons and principal apartments. And
when this is said it cannot Be thought that all
the wealth of Mexico had dissolved away, or been
entirely dissipated by their intestinal strife and
perpetual war, as it is upon record that when one
of the Senor Dons of Mexico resident in the
capital visited Paris, he was invited with his
ha, caged nage Sa adie Be Emperor’s state

at the Tuileries, the Si was most
splendidly and elegantly attired in costly Parisian
toilet; and her display of diamonds was most
gorgeous and profuse, so much go as to be the
observed of all observers, and throwing into the
shade and eclipsing even the Emprese’s toilet,
and that of her elegantly attired suite, and the
other splendidly dressed ladies that usually grace
those magnificent assemblies. But we suppose
it is in Mexico as in other countries, there are all
classes, rich and poor, very rich and very poor,
as the poet observes,—

* Some are and must be greater than the rest,
More rich,”

And we know in the case alladed to there is
great wealth, comprisiog thousands of broad
acres of rich and fertile land, and mines of
untold wealth, with mavy “ heciendas,” besides
8 “ casa ” in the cities, and @

one in the city of Mexico, redolent

May 23, 1868. ]

THE BUILDER.

369

with wealth, and adorned with every imaginable
luxury.
Tt not usual in warm and climates
to use carpets, as the bare floors are cooler and
more agreeable, although tastily designed and
well-executed matting is sometimes used; but
in some of the Mexican mansions, Turkey and
other rich carpets are profusely spread, and, as if
wealth could not supply articles rich and costly
enough to adorn their apartments and embellish
their casas, they lavish it away in these all but
useless articles.

In the “casa médio” small pieces of carpet are
used, and sometimes gay hearth-rugs are placed
on the floors the windows, led on
each side with a row of rocking or easy chairs,
as previously mentioned, where the family and
friends assemble in the evening, as round our
own firesides, chat over the current subjects of
the day; and, as they smoke their much-loved
cigarros and ci , they swallow the smoke
and pass it out through their nostrils, and thus
mingle the graceful curls of the fumes as they
arise in blissful indolence, so dear to the true
Mexican.

It is no uncommon thing in the open inner
areas of these casas grande to erect theatres and
concert-rooms by throwing a temporary roof or
awning over the uncovered space ; and very good
theatrical lormances and concerts take place
there, the performances are sometimes
thrown open to the public; but, if the proprie-
tor chooses to provide such an entertainment for
his friends, the space is well adapted at a trifling
expense to provide the necessary accommoda-
tion, and these entertainments are usually given
on a Sunday. It strikes an Englishman as re-
markable that, after making their marketings in
the morning, afterwards attending their reli-
— observances, they wind up the events of the

y by attending theatres, concerts, and even
billiard-rooms, in the evening.

Truly they must be a happy and self-com-
placent people, that can make their religious
duties fit on and chime in so easily with their
ordinary worldly affairs, as to traffic in the
morning, attend with lowly brow and bended
knee their noon-day prayers and evening vespers,
and indulge in full-dress costume theatrical and
musical performances, and even gambling, in
the evening: this is their custom, but it is one
more honoured in the breach than in the ob-
servance,

The stores or “ tiendas” of the city are nu-
merous, and they vie with each other in making
® good display of their wares and merchandise ;
but it is a kind of mongrel trade they carry on :
for instance, at a drapery establishment you can
purchase ironmongery, cutlery, tools, stationery,
shoes, &c.; ata establishment, a similar
mediey; at a druggist’s, all kinds of drugs and
oils; and one “ Simon Pure” having purchased
& quantity of petroleum from the United States,
advertised the sale of it as “ gas!” brilliant gas!
and the ighted Mexicans absolutely
bought it as the veritable gas, and were much
annoyed to find they were deceived.

The butchers’ shops are situated in several
parts of the city, and are not, in hot climates,
very desirable as neighbours; the cattle they
kill the previous evening, and cut them up in
the night, ready for the early morning’s market.

The cattle are caught on the prairie by means
of the lasso, and are brought to the place where
they are to be slaughtered, and which is set
epart for the ; and this place may be
easily pe manne the villanous-looking and
stinking vultures congregating together in
the locality, watching for the opportunity to
carry away the offal and filth left by the butchers,
= which they do most fy sein and thereby

ischarge a very t im t sani
ijatwimwe«

In the manipulation of gold andsilver ornaments,
particularly the latter, required for the saddles
and bridles, the Mexicans considerably excel,
and the work they turn out is very neatly and
skilfully executed, and would bear comparison
with that of more highly civilized nations; but
the metal they use is not always of the purest
character, as employ a considerable amount
of alloy, which not much affect its appear-
ance, but materially lessens its intrinsic value.

brilliantly lighted up with “ Mexican gas.” At
those times you may see the dark-eyed and be-
witching signoritas tripping gracefully along,
gaily attired in handsome lace or other shawls
of thin material, fastened usually to a gold comb
at the back of the head, and falling in graceful
folds over the figure; and with the handsome
and indispensable fan, with which they make a
peculiar noise to attract attention, and they

flirt it about in the public promenades, the/| by

stores, and places of amusement. In the

the eminence we flatter ourselves we have
attained in the constructive arts and sciences),
and which we might most advantageously and
worthily follow without derogating from our
national status or prestige ; and we trust we have
awakened a feeling of interest and anxiety to
know something more of the remarkable works
of this far distant country, as soon as the spirits
of peace and concord shall have paved the way
their benign influence on the un-

shedding
settled and predatory race that now holds sway

Plaza one of the principal houses was over the extensive terri of one of the richest
selected by the French army as an hospi-| and most fertile preset in the habitable
tal, the plan and arrangement of the globe.
building being very well adapted for it,
and the writer was informed it acted very bene- |
ficially in the interest of the army, by quickly |
restoring the sickly and wounded soldiers to the |

THE SCIENCE OF MAN.

ranks. The arrangement of the block of buildings,
with windows opened on each side, so as to
promote a current of air through them, and ap-
proached by the covered corridors on the inner
sides with the large open court-yard and the
wide gallery in the front on the first floor, served
as a place of exercise for the convalescents : the
whole building was so well arranged as if it had
been absolutely built for such purposes, closely
approximating to the pavilion principle, but an
improvement upon it, as there is a wider space

between the blocks of buildings than is usually |

adopted on the pavilion plan.

The selection of this building, and other army
arrangements, fally convinced the writer that
the distinguished men in command of the French
army left no arrangement incomplete, no com-
missariat service neglected, or sanitary regulation
unfilled, though many valuable lives were
sacrificed during the Mexican campaign from
the harassing duties they had to undergo, the
marches and counter-marches often in the dead
of night over very bad roads, the deadly hos-
tility of the inhabitants, and the constant attacks
of the guerillas, and the numerous places they
had to capture by assault, which produced but
little effect upon them, and proved the pluck,
gallant bearing, and enduring materials their
soldiers are composed of, such as any nation
might be justly proud of, and fully sustain the
reputation established by their army when, at the
terrific slaughter of Waterloo, the old Imperial
Guard when conquered, overpowered, and sur-
rounded, cried out, “‘ The Guard dies, but never
surrenders.”

We venture this passing complimentary allu-
sion to the French army, from whom we
received many courtesies, and being in a fortified
city we had the opportanity of witnessing the
dexterity with which the accomplished sappers
of that army constructed their barricades, as
one was fixed opposite the writer’s casa, for the
inner line of defence, and to protect the approach
to the Plaza, as the French were much annoyed
by attacks of mounted guerilla.

The barricades were placed across the streets,
and were made with earthen (clay) works, faced
with “fascines” on both sides, formed of the
tough wood of the adjoining forests. The height
of the barricade was 5 ft. and 6 ft. wide, the
inner slope ¢ to 1, outer 1 to 1. The works

were as closely inspected by the engineer officers |

as by the writer, who took great interest in the
whole operation, although he did not much relish
the position they had chosen for their line of
defence.

The barricades, we suppose, were & necessity
in a military point of view; but they interfered
with and incommoded the streets, and were
@ great nuisance to the inhabitants.

In addition to the many other sanitary advan-
tages enjoyed at an early period by the Mextcan
people, we must not omit to mention that intra-
mural interment had been abandoned for a long
period, much earlier than has been adopted by
more highly-civilized nations. About a mile
from the city a spacious and well-arranged
cemetery was laid out, in which are many
interesting monuments erected; but, we fear,
none to record the last resting-place of the many
French soldiers who were taken to that bourne
whence no traveller returns, and whose bones

lie rotting in that distant and inhospitable land. | be

In drawing this article to a conclusion, we
believe we have remarked on all the salient
features of Mexican architecture, its construc-
tive details, and its sanitary arrangements and
appliances, in which we have endeavoured to
show most of its relative points of interest
and advantages; and as the original design
and layiog out of these cities possess merits
which few of our towns can boast (notwith-
standing our vaunted standard of superiority and

ert a years ~ science of humanity, under
the -sounding designation of anthropology,
has been gradually coming to the front. “ Men
admire the heights of the mountain, the mighty
waves of the sea, the high rush of the waters,
the extent of the ocean, and the tracks of the
| stars, and neglect admiring themselves,” said
St. Augustin, hundreds of years ago; and the
| Same may be said of the great mass of mankind
| still: nevertheless, there is a section that has
| taken up the study of man as the grandest, most
beautiful and most wonderful in the world; and
by its ability and earnestness, a large circle is
gradually widening out, in which its investiga-
tions, inductions, collections of facts, are viewed
with great interest. There is now an Anthro-
pological Society in London, and another in
Paris; Frankfort-on-the-Maine has commenced
an anthropological journal ; and Cologne, Aix-
la-Chapelle, Essen, Elberfeld, and Crefeld, have
just heard a course of thirty lectures on the newly
recognised science. Leipzig, Dresden, Hamburg,
Brunswick, Hanover, Berlin, are likewise under
instruction. A French savant, M. E. Godard,
dying in Jaffa, bequeathed in his will 5,000 francs
to the Parisian Society, the interest of which is
to constitute a biennial prize for the best memoir
on any subject relating to man. An inter-
national was held at La Spezzia in
1865, at Neuchatel in 1866, and in Paris last
year. The most prominent members of the
London Society are exerting themselves to have
anthropology permanently and duly acknow-
ledged in the British Association for the Ad-
vancement of Social Science, contending that a
scientific body without this science is, in the apt
words of Dr. James Hunt, like an arch without
a keystone; more than one elemental work has
recently been published on the subject by its
ablest exponents, for the information of those
who are not already acquainted with its breadth
and bearings; in fine, man, in his natural history
relations, his physical, intellectual, and moral
aspect, is now on the eve of due study by the
million.

Anthropology must not be confounded with
ethnology. Fervent followers of the former
science, indeed, affirm there is no such thing as
the latter; though less exclusive zealots agree
thatitisa branch of the superior study. Ethnology
used to be defined as the science of races, and
as it is held that there are no such things in
inature, from a scientific point of view, as
|“ races,” the first deem it is time that the word
'was obsolete. The term ethnography is con-
| sidered more fitting to represent descriptions of
|existing varieties of mankind. This, then, and
all its kindred subjects, historical and compara-
tive philology, mythology, &c., are looked upon
|as branchlets only of one of the great divisions
‘of anthropology. The origin and destiny of man
‘are the Alpha and Omega of this science.
'Whence came we, and whither are we going?
‘The latter query is of the most practical im-
‘portance, but as man’s experience shows that he
/cannot get to the top of any ladder without
beginning at the foot of it, we are forced to take
‘the first into our gravest consideration. Between
‘these two questions, however, are numbers of
facts bearing upon them from very different
directions ; great voids that we have yet to fill
up, and contradictory evidence that has yet to

reconciled

People only dreaming of country cousins as the
kin with whom they may be unacquainted will
be surprised at the number of undreamt-of
relations the anthropologist will produce for
them. Man has zoological, 4 ,
fanctional, historical, geological, genetic, and
progressive relations, all waiting to be recognised ;
in other words, man is literally kin to all the
world. We are scarcely able, at first, to grasp
the comprehensiveness of all this; but by

2 seers

\

370

THE BUILDER.

[May 23, 1868.

examining each claim, one by one, we come to a
realization, according to our individual gifts, of
the scope and sublimity of the science of man.
To “ink in” such a vast subject, even in out-
line, would be to step too far, perhaps, out of the
art-world; but a glance at some of the most
recent ponderings of seientific men in some of
the departments may be suggestive.

A novel question has arisen amv
logists as to the effect of soil on character. In
our own immediate walk we have seen the
theory of relationship of man to the soil applied
to the solution of the mystery of the limited
powers for ill of cholera in some localities in the
immediate neighbourhood of districts in which
the epidemic was as singularly fatal. We have
seen, too, the peculiar nature of Irish soil given

as the secret of its capabilities for horse-breeding.
Now, the question is asked whether, for example,
the eharacter of the Scotch is an expression of |
the soil of Scotland? Mr. Cleghorn advances an
opinion that it is. He finds, that wherever the |
boulder clay exists im Caithness there are the
best men, the best cattle, and the best cereals; |
and where it is absent these are all of a miserable |
description. Proceeding to a larger field of ob- |
servation, be shows that the area of the boulder

clay divides Scotland inte two well-marked

regions, an eastern and a western, the former |

geological strata, the age of which is beyond
computation. Dr. Broca, seeretary to the Pari
society, writes,— He has lived in epochs when
the flura and fauna considerably differed from
those at present existing; he was the contem-
porary of a number of species now only existing
in a fossil state; and whosoever has formed an
idea of the slowness of sach changes effected on
our globe will easily convince himself that six
thousand years constitute but a short moment
in the life of humanity.” So, instead of looking
upon man as a being degenerated from some
former excellence, he regards him as he is bound
to regard the proprietor of the rude tools and
weapons we find among his relies. The golden
age of mythology tones down before actual facts
and finds into the Stone age,—the dark and
distant period when man made shift to live

without the use of metals. To this succeeded nians,
what is now known as the Bronze age, when he long

had succeeded in making an alloy of copper and
tin, which he fashioned imto implements; and
then he raised himself still higher by the dis-
covery and application of iron :— “that hard
metal which, in the language of the ancient
poets, symbolised human perversity, charac-
terises, on the contrary, in the eyes of modern
science, the third age of industry, security,

stability, and true civilization. It was thus by an

to the arrival of the Indo-Europeans, so that the
existence of these primitive peoples might be-
doubted, if their crania had not been discovered
in the turf-pits, in the graves of the Stone peried,
im the ossiferous caver, and
This decisive testimony
history.” Hypotheses sre often opposed to
other ; and facts often accrue that destroy
It i# admitted, for instance,on the one
that civilization, with its
and abundant alimentation, increases both
height and strength of man; while, on
other, it is contended that civilization,
weakens the body, though it may
i ita

Hie
trill

Fes

i

Beigians,
vengals, who were civilized long before them.
Thus the variation of stature must be explained
from further serutiny ; as, indeed, must that of
complexion, cephalic differences, and aptitudes,
all facts for which we are able to account but

being that of the desirable soil. The man of extremely slow process that man gradually rose pological tours are not now uncommon. Word
eastern Scotland is taller and bigger-headed than from a savage to a barbarous state, from bar- arrives at the Loadon and Parisian centres,
the man of the west. The death-rate is lower in barism to civilization.” The origin of man is a frequently, of jourseys and finds of objects re-

the east than in the west, as is the birth-rate,in much more complicated question. Taking the lating

accerdance with the law that gives to poor com- |
munities increase, and causes !uxury te be barren. |
Aberdeenshire, our exponent argues, has turned
out more senior wranglers than all the west— |

moore individualism exists in the east, most men
eliminating for themselves their beliefs; whereas, |
in the west the opinions of their teachers are |
generally aceepted. The contour of the east and |
west coasts is the result of the action of the
prevalent wave-producing wind, which thus |
determines the soil of the country. He sums)
up, as his opinion, that the soil has determined |
the food, the food bas made the race, determined |
its birth-rate, legitimate as well as illegitimate,— |
its marriage-rate and death-rate, its language and
religion; therefore that it must be allowed that
the character of the Scotch is the expression of |
the soil of Scotland.

It has been said, jestingly, “‘ What is mind ?
No matter. What is matter? Never mind.”
The anthropologist treats of the first question ae
oue of the most vital importance. Among the
ancients, as is well known, the blood and the
heart were successively believed to be the pre-
sence chamber of the mind or soul. Then Galen
adopted the brain as its seat. Eventually, helped
by the suggestions of Albrecht, Bishop of Regens
berg, Gall and Spurzheim evolved the scheme of
craniology known as ph This last
tenet is as likely to be discarded in its turn as
its predecessors. Mr. W. C. Dendy, at the last
meeting of the London Society, cited two cases
in which life existed and the mental faculties
were present after very severe mutilation of the
brain. One patient, whose skull was cracked by
® fall on a pier of Waterloo Bridge, lived for
several days after the bone was trephined, when
a basinful of brain was removed; and another
lived for months with his mind in good working
order after the total destruction of the left
parietal bone and hemisphere. He also in-
stanced cases of deformed skulls in which mag-
nificent minds had worked. Those of Cicero,
Bichat, and Curran, for instance, were remarkably
different from the lofty fronts of other gifted
men ; and that of Sir Walter Scott was singularly
desenge ep He infers that the quality of the

in, “ite firmness, comparative weight, and
the complexity of its convolutions, and their
Beco gyri,” is of more consequence than
the form of the ease into which it is packed.
Proceeding with his anatomy of the intellect,
he thinks the non-correspondence of the two
hemispheres likely to be the cause of much of
the eccentric mental phenomena that is so
ing to the physician, judge, and others.
Opposition of the two hemispheres to one
may account for indecision of charaeter ;

" the power some writers have possessed to
scribble virtue while they were acting vice; as
well as for the degree of rationality some insane
persons enjoy.

With regard to the antiquity of man the

anthropologist finds traces of his existence and
industry, as well as remains of his body, in

author qnoted above as a fitting representative
of modern anthropological opinion, we find he
considers the investigation of origin beyond
science, save by concatenation of idea; “ for

hypothesis, there still remain, and ever will
remain, pri ial facts in the presence of
which hypothesis remains dumb and powerless.”
Citing the Darwinian hypothesis as the boldest on
record, he states that it carries us back only to the
apparition of the first Monad: not to his origin.
The Monogenists incline to the belief that all
human races were derived either from a single
couple or a certain number of primitive men
resembling each other; the Po! ists aver
that, human types being only liable to slight
modifications, the diversity actually existi
among them must have arisen from the multi-
plicity of their origin. The modifications to
which human types are liable is of itself an
important subject, too lengthy to be more than
passingly indicated. How far man is altered by
centuries of exposure to climate, experience of
different modes of life, mechanical mutilation,
and deformation, is only to be seen by inspection
of an immense amount of evidence. We have,
on the part of permanence of type, the Egyptian
sculpture showing Negroes, Jews, Greeks, Mon-
gols, and Hindoos with the same characteristics
these people present at the present day ; and we
have the still more astounding evidence of reten-
tion of type in the celebrated cranium of New
Orleans, identical with that of the present Red-
skins, found in a bed beneath a series of cypress
forests successively snbmerged by the alluvia of
the Mississippi, indicating a period not less re-
moved than 15,000 years; and again we have
the case of the Gipsies who, under every condi-
tion of climate, preserve their type, presenting
the same peculiarities in Persia and other Asiatic
climes as they do round the snew-bound foot of
Cheviot ; as well as that of the Jews. On the
other hand, there is the possibility that we
ought to count by millions of years; when, per-
haps, we rene arrive at universal brotherhood

as scarcely less ce of type
than physical characters. Piphe inf ieheodtion it
gives us concerning European races is to
the effect that a primitive people prosper-
ing im @ region to the north of Persia, esta-
blished colomies and extended branches to
the borders of the Ganges on the one side,
and the shores of the Atlantic on the other,
much in the same way as we have colonised the
New World and Augtralia im these latter days.
We quote our Parisian ist :-—* At the
time when the Indo-European peoples first set
foot in Europe, they did not find that region
altogether deserted ; it had been occupied before
their arrival by an antochthonous

There are still found, at the two extreme ends of
Europe, the Basques and the Fins, whose lan-
guages are incontestably derived from these
antochthones, but elsewhere there remains,
neither in the language nor in the i

to the subject from the uttermost corners
of the earth. Thus we hear of a human skull

recently found in California, at a depth of 130 ft.,
_in the pliocene, that far outreaches the

of the flint-makers of Abbeville and Amiens ;
perhaps all the rest—of Scotland, and the east beyond observed facts and beyond more remote | arrow-heads and other primitive weapons
bas three universities for the one in the west. facts discovered by way of induction, and still in Pera in such relation to
All religious revolutions have arisen in the east, more remote ones whieh are only approached by mastodon as to imply that the ani
slain by the hand of man; of rade

gis

the bones of
had
obi

art, notably a wooden idol, found om the guano
islands the deposits of guano, which
so completely saturated with their salts as
have acquired tho specific gravity of marble, &e. ;
and we are led to expect discoveries of value
from the present journeys of well-known anthro-
pologists on the Mosquito Coast and among the
races south of the Zambesi.

When we remind our readers that the Inter.

i

sé

this country, this slight indication of the cham.
nels of thought in which some of its members
have been recently travelling may be found
usefal,

THE HONESTY OF MASONRY.

We have paid tribute, recently, to the majesty
and magnificence of masonry ; we have acknow-
ledged ite poetry ; we have indieated its occa-
sional associatior with magic; we now step &
few paces nearer to its honesty.

On the sandy plains of Egypt we find an
example that we will take for our first. In the
hage plainness, sameness, and paucity of idea, as
to everything except quantity and size, exhibited
in the form and manner of the Pyramids, we
may see masonry recording the fact that only
one man, say, in ten thousand, possessed the
power of meatal creation when they were built.
One mind, they tell us, conceived the idea of @
monument for future ages to admire. Contem-
porary minds, at the rate, we have roughly
hazarded, of one in ten thousand, had developed
the pre-historic idea of setting up & stone as &
testimony, into the obelisk; and the author of

- | the design of the Pyramids, elaborating the idea

to place in the centre of the court;” he could
only say to his ten thousand, literally, draught-
men, “ Bring stones here of this size, a
them up upon one another in this fashion.”
masonry thus formed telle us this honestly.
Turn to Greece. Note the brown eward, the
eh let eenanian, ee Oey
patches of blue and white on the
windi the sweet soft breeze, the calm
full blue sky, and them look at the monuments,

:
:

any trace, any remembrance, of a people prior

:
,
|

we

May 23, 1868. |

THE BUILDER.

371

true. But what do they not tell us of the
inexorable honesty and the cultivated taste
of those who built them? The gangs of men
who dragged the stones of the Pyramids to their
arid places could not have carved yon capital,
now lying on the ground like a white blossom
from an acacia-tree,—could not have dreamt of
yon crowded frieze,—could not have read yon
inscription. These fragments of sculptured
masonry tell us more, however, than the degree
of intelligence and cultivation of those who
fashioned them. Among the overturned columns,
is there one that is marble without and an in-
ferior stone within? Among the friezes, is there
one of plaster when it purports to be stone?
Among the inscriptions, is there one that is
painted when it purports to be incised? Not
one. These builders were honest artists, and
dealt honestly with the world. Look at Rome.
Look over the wan, fluted, modern housetops, in
the mean streets, at the mighty sky-vaulted
Colosseum. Recognise the bold determination
of nothing less than the firmament for the crown
of the dome of the ri Pantheon. Com-
pare our puny “pillars” with Trajan’s Column,
120 ft. high, composed of thirty-five blocks of
marble, sculptured with 2,500 human figures,
besides fortresses, bridges, horses, and other
objects. Think of the other amphitheatres,
temples, and columns, the triumphal arches,
the basilicas, the forums, baths, aqueducts,
tombs, and columbaria, and decide whether the
masonry of ancient Rome does not grandly, un-
surpassingly, and honestly represent the vigour,
intrepidity, skill, and wealth of its great people.
It gives back that which was given to it,—honesty.
If the Romans built as Strawberry-hill was bailt,
or as we are building much of London, their
masonry could not have borne this testimony.
One more example of honest evidence in
stones before we come to the ding
necessity of honesty in modern workmanship,
—our cathedrals, These tell us of artistic akil
cultivated in different branches by great num-
bers of men. ing the position of one man
deciding how thousands of men should aecom-
plish his idea, these buildings testify that the
principal undertaking them, or superintending
them, divided the work into departments and
pore. and distributed the latter to men who
ad especially devoted themselves to the de-
scription of labour allotted them. We cannot
believe that the same hand that formed the
bold branching tracery of the windows, chiselled
the lace-like canopies over some of the exquisite
figures, any more than we can credit that the
hand that seulptured these transcendent figures
was the same that placed the plain ashlar work
close by or the paving stones below. It as clear
that there were multiplicity and degrees of skill
in the masonry work as it is that William the
painter was not requested to perform the work
of Johannes the smith, nor Gualterns the
oe oe ee the task of Thomas the
joiner. us masonry gives evidence according
to the truth, for or against us, as the case

sae be.

onsider much of our modern masonry.
Directly there occurs a gale of wind of extra
force down come tumbling many of our chimney-
stacks, like home-made aerolites, dealing death
and destruction to all and everything sufli-
ciently near to be affected by the catastrophe.
Away go our slates, as though they were meant
to come on and off as often as our hats. Occa-
sionally, too, down comes a gable-end ; and still
more occasionally, fortunately, we have to record
the fallofahouse. Take a walk down a new street
and look at the heads of the window-openings.and
count how many show traces of settlements. In
the older of streets these cracks are filled
up, and are therefore not perceptible; but they
are there in far too many cases. A cracked
house may be 4 very good substitute for a whole
house; but why should we not have the latter ?
It was not in this frail manner that our Tudor,
Jacobean, and Hamoverian brick mansions were
erected ; neither was it in this that castles
ba bailt in the days of the

‘contend that it is right to build a

pletes the wall in these alternate courses. Is
this honest? Is he not aiming at making the
world believe his wall is solid and strong, when
in reality it is hollow and weak? Is not this a
deception made with bricks ?

Here is a stonemason at work building a wall.
Like the bricklayer, he is making his wall all
glorious without, but hollow within. As he goes
on he throws loose rubble into the fissure be-
tween his two surfaces, and occasionally he
pours a pail of grout into it as well. Where are
the bond-stones? Either left out altogether, or
put so far apart as to be of very little use. Is
this honest ? Ought not the rubble to be well
packed together, and the grout poured in till it
is on a precise level with the edges of the onter
sarfaces? Every contrivance or omission short
of this is therefore dishonesty of workmanship.

All the arguments and ordinances applied to
design may, with equal pertinence, be made use
of with reference to workmanship. Everything |
should be what it aims at being thought; that |
is, nothing should pretend to be what it is not, |
in the way of workmanship as in design. There
are few people now, we may , who would |
to look |
like a small castle, or a stable to look like a large |
studio. The same principle applies to the work-
manship, which, to be honest, should be what it |
seems to be. A mason ought to be able to say
at every turn of his hand, “I helped to build |
that piece of masonry, and the children of my
great grandchildren will find it as sound as I
leave it ;” not, “ Well, that’s the easiest and
cheapest way it is possible to do it, and I should |
think it will last my time, at any rate.” We hear
sometimes of master builders complaining that
they cannot get walling properly executed ; that
the mason will even set an ordinary stone to,
stand out as though it was a bonding-stone, |
rather than lift the real bond into its place.
This shows that the mason’s apprentice must
first be taught to take pride in the honesty of his
work. Then perhaps, as a man, he will practise
it from choice. If not, he must be forced to do
so by public taste and opinion.

Honest masonry has had its triumphs in the
history of the world, as dishonest masonry has
had its tragedies. Consider our Medizwval re-
mains; how many of them have been “ pep-
pered”’ with cannon-balls, fired, stripped, left
open to the weather, cattle, and worse; and yet
how few there are but in them some matchless
indestructible piece of masonry still stande, as
au awakening sample of the whole! If false
construction sometimes leads to loss of life, a
strong tower has likewise saved life. Masonry
has, too, its legends and its literature. A volume
would scarcely contain the beautiful things that
have been said and written about true masonry,—
not of the miserable workmanship we have de-
precated, but of the sort true men have reared
as the best that it was possible for them to do,
according to their gifts. The ancient poets, the
Medizeval poets, the modern poeta, have all traced
the sweetest pictures about masonry. The
* columned town,” with

“ The high slant street, that *d on and on,

And up and up, until it touch’d the sun,”
and “the chief relies of almighty Rome” have
been painted in cadences, as well as the more
variogated graces of Mediseval buildings.
“Castles shal! be seen afar,
The works of the minds of giants
That are on this earth,”
sang an old Saxon poet, when he wished to
prophesy there was a “ good time coming,” feel-
ing, doubtless, somewhat of the power,endurance,
beauty, and honesty of masonry ; and there have
been but few great poets since his dreamy pro-
phetic eyes closed that have not left us exquisite
building pieces. Sir Walter Scott, Byron, and
Wordsworth must, however, have especial men-
tion for their surpassing “bits” of masonry.
They seem to have revelled in stonework. But
from the hermitage to the cathedral, with its
porch full of kings and saints, from the solitary
watch-tower to the strength-proud castle, from
the cottage near a wood, or otherwise, to the
With oriel pwr rela reer paned,
And rich oak paneilings withm,”
has been beantified by song. In like
manner it has been seized and caressed by pic-
torial art. What does the most genial and
joicing of painters make more of than a piece
of lichen-kissed walling ripening like corn in the

that, in due time, it may render back testimony
of us that will not put us to shame. ‘When
King David thought to himself, “Solomon, my
son, is young and tender, and the house that is
to be builded for the Lord must be éxeeeding
magnificent, of fame and glory throughout all
countries, I will therefore now make preparation
for it,” the first thing he did was to “ set masons
to hew wrought stones.”

HUMIDITY AND DECAY.
THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.

On May 12, the paper read was on “The
Durability of Materials,” by Mr. Edwin Clark.
The author expressed the opinion that a series
of papers devoted, not so much to the special
application of those philosophical principles
which formed the basis of practice, as to the
consideration of the principles themselves, would
be of great interest; as numerous questions
occurred which could be more effectually
discussed in their abstract capacity, than in
connexion with the practical applications out of
which they arose. Well-established fundamental
principles had been arrived at on many subjects,
which it was advisable should be definivel
recorded.

The list of materials used by the engineer was
small, It included stone and timber among
natural productions, and bricks and cement and
the metals among artificial products. It was
difficult to state, even approximately, the positive
life of either of these articles. The durability
of any material depended, not only on its own
inherent properties, but principally on the
agencies to which it was exposed; as, for
instance, the effects due to climate.

On examining all the facts, and seeking some
common characteristic, it was found that among
allthe causes of decay, humidity heid the first
rank. The decaying influence of humidity
was evidently dependent on other coincident
circumstances. The mere pressure of water, or
even of a saturated atmosphere, was not suffi-
cient to induce rapid decay, which appeared to
be cansed by humidity only under peculiar
conditions. One of these conditions was well
known by the popular title of dampness. The
decay caused by dampness, as in the case of
dry-rot, was as effectually prevented by the
presence of water as by a constant current of
air, whether perfectly dry, or saturated to any
degree of humidity. Damp, therefore, was not
the mere presence of moisture in the ordinary
form in which it was held in solution by the
atmosphere. If a hygrometer were placed in
a damp situation it would simply indicate perfect
saturation ; no evaporation took place, but the
cotton covering of the wet bulb was speedily
covered by a peculiar mould, well known by its
fongus-like odour, ‘and in a short time it was
converted into an impalpable powder, or ash.
Under similar circumstances, timber, leather,
paper, and all like materials, underwent the
same rapid decomposition ; vegetable gums and
oils, that were insoluble in water, and even dry
hard paints and varnish, became soluble and
liquid. Massive timbers were rapidly dis-
in to the core, entirely losing their
weight, though still retaining their form; and
they were often totally free from apparent
moisture, although at times dotted externally by
drops of brilliant water. Damp spots were,
moreover, peculiarly hygrometric, indicating
atmospheric changes with remarkable precision,
and temporary desiccation in no way disturbed
this process. The pecaliar odour which always
accompanied this condition was one of the best
tests of its existence ; and the expression that a
room smelt damp was strictly correct. The
effects were, within certain limits, intensified by
increase of temperature and absence of light,
and arrested by poisons destructive to vegetable
life, If this phenonemon of decay were more
closely examined, the process would be found
to resemble, in many respects, a slow com-
bustion. The ultimate results of combustion
and decay were strikingly similar: the union
with oxygen was slowly effected, and the
residue was more or less dilated with foreign
substances ; but whether the bodies were
burnt, or decayed, the remains in the ashes were
substantially identical. Decay might thus, toa

great extent, be looked upon as a decomposition,
resulting from the slow chemical combination of
with the matters decomposed, Now, if

sun? It behoves us, then, to let our work be/ oxygen

worthy of the appreciation that has been s0

slow combustion were the cause of decay, and
that particular state called dampness were 50

bountifully awarded to that of our predecessors,

372

THE BUILDER,

| [May 23, 1868,

important an accessory, the inquiry naturally
suggested itself, what connexion exi -
tween those agencies, or in what way could
damp promote the absorption of oxygen ? In the
case of organic substances, the presence of vege-
tation in the form of fungus, or mould, was an
invariable characteristic of decay, and the de-
composing effect of all vegetable growth was
beyond question. It might be said that the
vegetable growth alluded to was the effect
rather than the cause of decay. Doubtless the
spores of microscopic fungi followed the law of
all other seeds in vegetating only under the
peculiar conditions of soil, light, and moisture
which were adapted to their growth: damp-
ness and partial darkness, absolute quietude,
and even decay, might be essential to their
existence ; and therefore it was only under such
conditions that they appeared at all. But,
nevertheless, when they did appear, their pre-
gence rapidly accelerated the decay, and they
furnished a vital medium, capable of accomplish-
ing the observed effect—combustion, or slow
union with oxygen, of the substances on which

they throve. It was probably by some such
chemical vital action, the fact could be ex-|
plained, that even the hardest rocks were |
rapidly decomposed by the growth of lichens, or |
that decay should be arrested by poisons which |
could exert no other infinence than the preven- |
tion of vegetation. It was equally remarkable, |
that in the putrefaction, or rapid chemical de- |
composition, of animal and vegetable substances, |
the same profasion of the lower forms of animal, |
as well as vegetable, organisms characterized |
the phenomenon.
Whatever might be the cause of decay, mois-
ture was an indispensable element. Dry air was
incapable of decomposition. Water was a carrier |
of oxygen in a potent form; and it was only |
from water, and more especially when in the |
form of vapour, that the oxygen necessary for
decay could be obtained. The durability of tin |
and iron roofs'in Geneva and St. Petersburg |
was due to the absence of moisture; and the |
importance of some shelter for timber, and of |
thorough ventilation wherever it was employed
in this moist climate, was a necessary corollary.

TESSELATED PAVEMENT, CANTERBURY.

A sHort time since, in carrying out some ex-
tensive drainage works in this city, a fine
specimen of Roman tesselated work was found
in Bargate-street. It lay about 7 ft. below the
surface of the present road; and, from the
evidence of burnt materials immediately above
it, it probably owed its preservation, through
fifteen or sixteen centuries, to the fact that the
fire which destroyed the dwelling of the Roman
citizen, whether accidental, or designedly occa-
sioned by the hands of barbarian invaders, had,
by the falling in of the roof and walls, caused
the preservation of the pavement, and secured
it from all subsequent injury.

When first opened to view by the labourers’
spade, the colours were particularly vivid. The
internal and more elaborate portion was bor-
dered by red tessere, within which was a rec-
tangular border about 6 in. wide, having, in red
and white, alternate diamond- figures and
right-angled designs. Within this was a thin
border of black or dark purple layers of tile,
about 1 in. wide, forming a second square. To
this a smaller circle or border succeeded, the
space between the two borders being ornamented
with scroll-like designs of small tessermw of red,
yellow, white, and black. On a white ground,
within this, on an oval field about 16 in. in
diameter, was designed a two-handled goblet or
vase, This object was evidently taken from
some silver or metallic type, as it has no resem-
blance to any glass or earthen vessel of Roman
workmanship ; indeed, an attempt had evidently
been made to show a metallic lustre or reflexion
by the artist, in the manner in which he had
designed a streak of white tiles on the surface
of the goblet.

Its other component parts were red, yellow,
and black tesserw. The high arched handles
were of black; the stand was also composed of
black tesserze. The square containing the central

figure was 2 ft. 8 in. in width.

Stepping off this pavement about a foot lower
down, lay a portion of another, of less elaborate
design ; the tiles being of white and black only,
of a kind of lozenge pattern: it might have
formed the entrance to a hall or part of the

bypocaust of the Roman house. Some time

was spent in making further search, which
was, however, much impeded by the neigh-
bourhood of one of the main sewers of the
city.
it is intended to restore and preserve this
pavement for the Canterbury Museum, being
the only relic almost, from the extensive drainage
works now nearly completed, which has a chance
of being obtained for the city.

Thanks are due to the Mayor of Canterbury
for the readiness with which he seconded the
exertions made to secure this ancient work, and
also to Mr. G. W. Piddink and Mr. John Hall,
surveyor of the city, for their personal exertions
in rescuing and preserving these interesting re-
mains of the Roman occupation of Canterbury.

Joun Brent, F.S.A.

SANITARY MATTERS.

Fever among the Irish in Southwark.—Mr.
Edwards, inspector of nuisances to the St.
George’s District Board of Works, has appeared
before the Police Magistrate for an order to re-
move several poor persons attacked with fever,
from their lodgings in Brent’s-court, High-street,
to the workhouse (pro forma on their way to the
Fever Hospital). Applicant stated that a few
days before fever broke out in Brent’s-court,
which consists of a number of small houses,
densely populated with Irish families, there
being as many as six or seven persons in each
room. About a week before one of them died in

‘the Fever Hospital, and the relatives had the

corpse brought back to No. 19, Brent’s-court,
for the “wake” to take place. It was kept
there some days, and visited by scores of Irish,
the result of which was an alarming spread of
fever in the locality. Several were in a very
bad state, and unless removed at once the cala-
mity would be very serious. The order was
granted.

The Epping Drainage Question.—A largely |

attended meeting of ratepayers interested in the
new district, formed for sanitary purposes, bas
been held at Epping Police Station for the pur-
pose of electing a committee, delegating certain
powers to such committee, and electing an
officer to act under the direction of the commit-
tee. After along discussion a committee was
appointed.

Witham Drainage and Water Supply. — A
numerously attended meeting of ratepayers has
been held at Witham, for the purpose of meet-
ing Mr. Rawlinson, the Government engineer,
who had been sent down by the Home Office to
hold a semi-official inquiry on the important

subjects of drainage and water supply. The |

plans of the Local Board had been inspected by
Mr. Rawlinson, and reported upon by him tothe
Home Secretary. Mr. Rawlinson said the two

plans under consideration would go before the |

General Board of Health, who would, probably,
send them to him to report upon, and he should
then go into the details, and send his report to
the Home Secretary, who would, no doubt, for-
ward a copy to Witham.

Malvern Link Sewage.—A report by the com-
mittee on this sewage was some time since pre-
sented at a public meeting, held in the Link
Hotel. It stated that, until the local authority
was clearly ascertained, it would be pramature
to take any action in the matter, and then the
cost would come under consideration. The com-
mittee advised that prompt measures should be
taken to divert the sew which now flows
from the lower sewer into Newland Brook (and
which has given rise to Earl Beauchamp’s
actions), and that every precaution should be
taken to prevent the streams from being polluted
throughout the district. The committee re-
gretted that Earl Beauchamp had not yet thought
fit to accept an invitation of the ratepayers to
nominate a gentleman to represent him on this
committee. The committee offered the sugges-
tions in their report for the consideration of their
neighbours, in order that the question might be
fully discussed and any plans fully matured
before expenses were incurred, and in the
hope that some united action might forth-
_ 6 taken, Ao awe the neighbourhood

m being involv litigation with Earl
Sesnibenn

Gloucester Waterworks: the New Works at Wit-
comb.— Minutes presented at a recent meeting of
council showed that the waterworks committee
had been busy examining and inquiring as to the
sixteen tenders received for the construction of

comb. The mayor remarked that they were
doing their best to secure a contractor who would
perform the work properly, and that he hoped

shortly to be able to give some definite informa.

tion on the point. Mr. Ward complained that
people in the street could name the contractors,
and knew all about the matter, while the mem.
bers of the corporation were kept in ignorance.
The Mayor answered that he did not know how
the people got the names, for that he had given
them to nobody ; and Ald. Nicks observed, “ I’ve
tried everywhere to get the list of names with the
amounts, and haven't succeeded till I got into
this room this morning.” The council then went
into committee on the Witcomb matter.

PARIS.

WE mentioned about two years ago that there
were, over a doorway in the Rue du Four Saint
Germain, No. 63, and at No. 6, Rue aux Faves,
two bas-reliefs of stone of the sixteenth century,
representing Susanna at the fountain : the houses
have been now cleared away for the Rue de
Rennes.

Some of the old sign-boards,—or, rather, en-
signs,—were very quaint, especially in this
quarter; Rue des Cannettes, a bas-relief in
stone representing “ cannes” (wild ducks) swim-
ming ina pond. Rue du Cherche-Midi, a person
drawing a sun-dial, bas-relief. Rue de la Harpe,
corner of the Place Saint Michel, King David
singing and accompanying himself on the instru-
ment after which this street was called. In the
Rue du Dragon, No. 24, a furnished hotel took
for a sign a remarkable sang | Bernard de
Palissy, representing the victory of Samson over
the lion. Near there is a dragon sculptured
over the entrance to the Passage du Dragon.
This passage now leading from the Rue de
Rennes to the Rue du Dragon is not doomed to
destruction, and seems to date from the seven-
teenth century. In it is established a colony of
blacksmiths and iron founders, particularly of
stoves. In passing through we have often re-
marked park-gates and wrought balcony railings
of excellent workmanship and design. Iron bed-
steads are also man’ there in great
numbers.

The new Hétel Dieu is appearing above
ground level. Our readers are aware of the
depth to which the foundations are carried, so
as to insure a firm footing for the masonry,
which is of the most massive character and well
laid. The Palais de Justice is nearly completed.
We have often remarked an excellently well
| sculptured arch over the Rue de Nazareth, which
| established a communication between the Hotel
des Comptes and the Gallery of Archives. The
arch and the whole soffit rest upon eight con-
soles, four of which are ornamented with heads
of satyrs, and the others with female heads,
bearing each a crescent on the forehead. Panels
and heads of angels fill up the spaces between
the consoles. On the keystones of the arch on
each side there are masks and laurel branches ;
on the spandrels, four small figures, holding
palm branches. An attic , with Tonic
pilasters, was erected on this in the seven-
teenth century. A stone, on which is inscribed
in Gothic characters, that one of the buildings
of the ancient domain was erected in 1486, may
be seen embedded in the wall of the grand
staircase of the Palais of the Cour des Comptes,
where they now reside. This was probably the
date of the arch in question.

A very melancholy event took place a few
days ago near Nantes. We all remember the
i leasure-boat which M. ~ io}
brought to the

E

aris Exhibition last year,
the many pleasant trips he gave to his
between the Pont Royale and the Champ
Mars, The sad occurrence happened as
lows. M. du Chalard, -in-chief
French navy ; M. Marin, lieutenant
Lite, ues ‘sihien eapiaali
riol, were ing iments
steam-yacht when the’ boiler.
Roche-Maurice. M. Du Chalard was
thrown into the water.

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the new reservoir and the other works at Wit- | found.

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May 23, 1868.)

THE BUILDER.

373

SCHOOLS OF ART.

The Gloucester and Stroud Schools.—The re-
sults of the examinations conducted by the
committees of these schools in March last have
been communicated to them by the Government
Department of Science and Art. cr Harlgagry
as are extremely creditable to the At
Gloucester, of forty students who sat for exami-
nation thirty-one were successful. In freehand
drawing, of twenty-eight who sat, twenty-three
were successful ; in model drawing, of eight who
sat, seven were successful; in geometry, of five
who sat, three were successful; but in perspec-
tive, of four who sat, only one was successful.
At Stroud, of the thirty-five candidates who sat,
twenty-two were successful. In freehand draw-
ing, of twenty-five who sat, twenty-two were
successful. In model drawing, of seventeen who
sat, ten were successful ; and in’geometry, of five
who sat, four were successful,

The Dorchester School.—The results of the first
examination of students belonging to this insti-
tution, which took place at the Town-hall in
December last, simultaneously with the other
schools in connexion with the South Kensington
Science and Art Department, have just been
received by the hom. secretary, the Rev. B. L.
Watson. Ont of the forty candidates who en-
tered for competition, nineteen have fulfilled the
Government requirements in freehand drawing,
and are entitled to receive certificates of merit.
Of this number the specimens sent up by six of
the pupils have been pronounced “ excellent,” or
above par, which entitles the competitors to
receive the awards offered in addition to the
certificates. In geometrical drawing two have
passed, and one in perspective; whilst in draw-
ing from the model five have passed, one of
whom, in addition, earns an award. Amongst
the successful candidates it is satisfactory to
find there are four artisans. The progress which
has been made in this first year of the school’s
existence may be judged from the fact that
many who have passed the examination never
had a lesson in drawing until they came under |
Mr. Dewar Campbell’s able instruction. At,
present the pupils are engaged in competing for |
local prizes, given for painting in water-colours
and crayons, for pencil outline and mechanical
drawing with instruments; and the prizes and
certificates which have been won in connexion

The Oxford School.—The annual general meet-
ing of this school was held in the school at
Randolph Galleries. The meeting was not
numerously attended. The report of the
after some discussion it was adopted.
the classes have now as many pupils
conveniently accommodated. The
hope to repeat the exhibition this as
after the long vacation as ible, when

rs nati

cfbe?

necessarily incurred in making
abode, and this at a time when
pupils and the sum paid in fees
causes sunk to a very low
quarter there were 197 pu
attendance oan be kept up (an
reason to hope it will be increased),
paid, helped by a few subscriptions, wi
£00n be sufficient to clear off the debt.

r

_ BEE
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and

AUSTRALIAN NEWS.

FROM MELBOURNE, VICTORIA,

Tue memorial stone of an asylum and school
for the blind was laid in St. da-road on the
25th of January. Messrs.Crouch & Wilson are the
architects, and Mr. Thomas Newton the builder.
The amount of the contract is 4,6001.; but, to
complete the whole of the i
to the original design, the committee would have
to enter into another contract to the extent of
1,5001., making the total cost of the buildings
6,1001. The edifice, which is already partl
completed, is to be in the Italian style, and,
when finished, will match with the Deaf and

Dumb Asylum, Wesley College only being be-

tween the two institutions. The site comprises
three acres granted by Government, and three.
quarters of an acre adjoining, which theeom-
mittee have purchased on account of its giving
them a frontage to the St. Kilda-road. It was
that the Duke of Edinburgh would have
laid the memorial stone, but at the last moment
“J was discovered that he had not time to
#0.
The centre of the building will be of three
stories, with a tower in the middle rising to

the height of 80 ft. The wings on each side of

the centre will be two stories high. The front-
age occupied will be 96 ft. The design on which
it is being built was selected by the commiittes
out of thirteen sent in for competition. The
building will be capable of holding 100 pupils,
besides furnishing quarters for the officers and
teachers. In the eentre portion in front will be
the offices and committee-room, and behind these
a large dining-room, workshops, &c. In each
wing on the ground floor there is to be a school-
room, 60 ft. long, 22 ft. wide, and 14 ft. high,
one of which is intended for boys and the other
for girls. The upper stories will be composed of
dormitories for the boys and girls, lavatories,
&o. The side wings can be extended 50 &&. on
either side.

The City Council have adopted plans and
specifications for the new cattle markets, and
resolved to call for tenders for the execution of
the works.

The city has been instructed to stop
or remove all drains communicating with closets
and cesspools and the public streets.

Messrs. Hughes & Sinnot are now erecting a

new dock opposite the Australian Wharf. When |
the works are entirely completed, the dock will |
be capable of receiving the largest ship which |

can navigate the river. It will be 230 ft. in
1
When a vessel has been placed in the dock the
caissons will be closed, and by a centrifugal

pump the water will be pumped back into the

|river at the rate of between 5,000 and 6,000.
| proceeding rapidly in the hands of the con-

gallons per minute. The pump is 20 in. in
diameter, and is the largest of the kind ever
erected in Australia. It is worked by a high-
pressure horizontal engine, with a multitubular
boiler.

as masts, but with a height far exceeding the
masts of any naval structure. The height of
the loftiest ranges from 400 to 500 ft. A fallen
tree on the Black Spur measured 480 ft.
in len Another in Dandenong showed a
height of 295 ft. to the first branch, the height
then extending 70 ft. farther in ramifications to
the broken top branch, which here still measured
8 ft. across. A still larger tree at Berwick
measured 81 ft. in circumference, at a distance
of 4 ft. from the ground. The stems, with ex-
ception of the base, are beautifully smooth, and
of an ashy colour. The wood is excellent for
shingles, and splits with facility. Like many
other eucalypti, this huge species grows with
celerity, far more so than the Californian Wel-
lingtouia, and the minute seeds germinate with
the utmost facility. Eucalyptus amygdalina is
restricted to Victoria, New South Wales, and
Tasmania.

44 ft. in width, and 12 ft. 6 in. in depth. |

FROM LAUNCESTON, TASMANIA.

Although Tasmania, the old Van Diemen’s
Land, is divided from Australia by a strait of
the sea, we may include it here under head of
news from Australia.

The new Wesleyan church in Patterson-
street, Launceston, of which the Illustrated
Australian News gives an engraving, has been
opened for worship. The site adjoins the old
Centenary chapel. Messrs. Crouch & Wilson,
of Melbourne, were the architects. The structure
is of on a stone foundation, measuring
52 ft. by 90 ft. within the walls, and is capable of
| Seating over 700 persons. There is also a vestry
' amd organ-loft at the rear, and a gallery capable
| of helding from 250 to 300 children across the
| front. Ample means of egress has been pro-
' vided for the tion by not less tham six
| spacious doors. The lobbies and tower are all
| paved, and the floor of the church is laid with
‘seasoned Tasmanian hardwood. The height of

the walls at eves is 21 ft.from the floor-line ; the
height of the mié-ceiling, 40 ft.; the height to
the ridge being about 54 ft. from the ground.
, The roof is framed of Tasmanian blackwood.
| The covering of roof is of slates with ornamental
| bands. The tower at the S. E. angle is 16 ft.
|square et base, 56 ft. high to the broach, and
132 ft. to the top of vame. The weatherings to
buttresses, tracery, &c.,of windows and other
| dressings are either of Hobart Town freestone

or pressed cement.

| The principal windows, front and rear, are
| fitted with staimed glass, by Messrs. Ferguson
'& Urie, of Melbourne. It was intended to
have framed the pulpit and seats of Tasmanian
myrtle, a handsome wood taking a very high
polish, but in consequence of difficulties Sydney
cedar was used. The total cost of the whole
works is nearly 7,0001,

FROM ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

The new General Post-office walls are now
some 4 ft. ont of the ground, and the works are

tractors, Messrs. Brown & Thompson. On the
completion of the greater portion of the founda-
tions, the superintendance of the works was
transferred to the Public Works Office. A cur-
tailment of the original design was at the same
time directed, the clerk’s residence and the new
telegraph office being left for a future period,
and the whole building reduced in height. The
Post-office will be one of the handsomest of the
public buildings, and the stone-facing used is
the finest yet quarried in South Australia. The
foundation-stone of the Victoria Tower which
forms the south-western corner of the structure
was laid by the Duke of Edinburgh.

The new Local and Insolvent Courts, on the
south side of Victoria-square are approaching
completion, and the cut-stone fronts are now

jally cleared of scaffolding. The style of the
building is of Anglo-Italian character, and it has
frontages both to Victoria-square and King
William-street. The plans were prepared in the
Colonial Architect’s office, and the works have
been so far carried out by Messrs. Brown &
Thompson, of this city. The total cost will be
about 13,6001.

The adjoining building—the new police-court
and station—has been completed for some
months, and is in daily use. The court-room is
lofty, commodious, and of good acoustic proper-
ties. The adjoining offices for the commissioner
and the inspector’s residence, it is said, meet all
that is required. The work has been carried out
by Messrs. Crocker & Lawson, the contractors.
The requisite cells, &c., have also been added, at
a cost of between 700!. and 800/.

The only other Government building of any
magnitude completed during the past year is the
new Government printing-office, erected under
the supervision of the Colonial Architect, Mr.
R. G. Thomas. It fronts the road leading to
North Adelaide and near the Parliament House.

It isa rig awe EE of three floors, constructed
of Glen md stone, with dressings partly

of freestone and partly of cement. The style is
Romanesque, and the four elevations are of bold
character, presenting a good appearance in the
prominent position the structure occupies. The
interior is simply a warehouse, and can be fitted
up in any manner required for the use of the
office. The building was carried out by Messrs.
Brown & Thompson for 4,8001.

A‘new drill-shed and parade-ground have been
constructed opposite the police-barracks at
North-terrace. The drill-shed is constructed
of galvanised iron, and was used temporarily

a

~

374

THE BUILDER.

[May 23, 1868.

TRNANES

COR RIDOR

DINING RO

EXCHANGE AND CLUB BUILDINGS, MIDDLESBROUGH-ON-TEES.——Plan.

as stables for H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh’s
horses during his visit to this province.

The Exhibition building, on the park lands,
was much enlarged and raised in height for the
purpose of holding the Great Exhibition, opened
by the Duke, and forms now about the largest
room in the Australian colonies. The works of
enlargement were planned and carried out in a
month by Messrs. Brown & Thompson, under the |
direction of the officers of the Colonial Archi- |
tect’s department.

At the Lunatic Asylum the increase of in-
mates necessitated some additions, pending the
completion of the new asylum. Extra men’s
and women’s wards have accordingly been
erected.

The east wing to the Adelaide Hospital has
jast been completed, being a counterpart to that |
on the west, containing four wards, two on the |
first and two on the second floor, with a large |
hall for convalescent patients, besides the requi- |
site surgeons’ rooms and other adjuncts. The
contractor was Mr. McMullen.

During the past year there has been com-

menced and completed a building to be used for
the purpose of Turkish baths. It is from designs
by Mr. James Macgeorge, and is to form part of a
general plan, by which it is intended eventually
to do away with the old building, at the rear of
which it has been erected. The walls are of
Glen Osmond stone, blue-pointed, and the quoins
and strings are in brick. The entrance door
and coupled windows are arched in the Moorish
style in ornamental brick, and this being sup-
ported by the style of internal decoration re-
minds the visitor of the Oriental derivation of
the bath. The frigidarium, or cooling room, is
30 ft. long, 28 ft. wide, and 21 ft. high, from
which there is an entrance to the lavatorium,
also provided with a lobby and doors, to exclude
draughts of cold air from the penetralia of the
bath. This apartment is of the same loftiness
as the frigidarium, 28 ft. long and 12 ft. wide,
and next to it is the tepidarium, 25 ft. long and
16 ft. wide, adjoining which is the callidarium,
the two latter being heated by means of a boiler.
The floors of the hot rooms throughout are com-
posed of cement trowelled smooth, and lined
into ornamental patterns; the walls are also
lined into diamonds, which it is intended to
ornament with coloured stencilling, and the
Moorish arch is used throughout internal
window and door openings. The builder is
Mr. William Pink.

BILLIARD ROOM

SERVING ROOM

SM

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AREA OFFICE OrFrice

EXCHANGE

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FROM SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES.

Botany Bay was a fitting sphere for the)
atrocious Fenian who shot Prinoe Alfred in the
back. When insane scoundrels had a penchant |
for firing at her Majesty, the passing of the Lash
Law put a stop to it like magic. An immediate
and liberal extension of this law to Fenians

| would, no doubt, have the same salatary influence
‘es it has already had in that case and on
| garotters. Mr. Disraeli, inconsiderately we
| think, placed the Fenian Thugs on @ level with |
the bad eminence of the Vemgerichters, but the |
insensate wretches called Fenians have not even |
the merit of murdering only those who oppose
or punish them: the innocent, whether men,
women, or children, are their victims, as those
of the utterly insane so generally are.

The Sydney people, notwithstanding the few
O'Farrels amongst them, were most loyal, and
| vied with the other Australian colonies in their
triumphal arches and other modes of manifesting

their good feeling. At the Prince’s landing- —_
near the Custom House, a triumphal arch w
erected under the superintendence of the colonial |
architect. It consisted of one grand central |
opening of a depth of 30 ft., and 25 ft. wide, with |
wing openings 11 ft. wide, capped with three gold-
painted domes on pediments, with crown pedi-
ments ; the central dome rising 79 ft., and the
wing domes 40 ft. each, with flagstaffs. The
structure was ornamented in various ways, and
the central dome, with 12 openings for illumi-
nating the Prince’s name, was surmounted by
the Royal Standard.

EXCHANGE AND CLUB BUILDINGS,
MIDDLESBROUGH.

THE new Exchange and Clab Buildings at
Middlesbrough-on-Tees, of which we give a
view and plan, are now fast app —
pletion. They are being erected by a
company upon their freehold land. Mr
J. Adams, of Stockton-on-Tees, is their oni g
tect, and Mr. Jones A _ The site is close
to the railway station, is surrounded by
streets. Designs for this pailding were sent in
competition, January, 1865, and those now
carried out were selected. The contract for the
principal of the works was let to Mr.
Bellerby, of York ; the iron-work to Messrs.

Head, Wrighteon, & Co., South Stockton.

The general erie scare of the buildings
| comprises in the ground-floor, exchange-hall,
about 120 ft. by 60 ft., with a semi-circular end,
20 ft..deep. he hall has offices on each side,
and is approached by large entrances from the
north and south fronts, and also by west front
under tower. On the outside, the above
street, shops have been constructed, with a
mezzanine story above them, to be used as show-
rooms. The club buildings are situated at the
east end of the building, and comprise the rooms
shown upon the plan. The first, second, and
| third stories are devoted to the purposes of the
club. The upper stories over the shops all
around the exchange-hall are planned out in
offices ; the whole of which have been for some
time past let at high rentals. It is estimated
that the cost of the works will amount to about
30,0001.

The several elevations are being executed in
red pressed bricks, stone, and terra cotta, which
is being man

dale, of Darlington,

directions, Mr. Sturdey acting as clerk of works.

We shall give a view of the interior of the
hall on another occasion.

The offices are almost exclusively taken by
firms connected with the iron trade of the

Cleveland district, and, _with one or two excep-
tions, all the iron- pig be repre-
sented in the building. is proposed to con-

sect the Reutenge wth te eotaal ants by

ph lines. The iron trade of
Cleveland y been vastly increased and
developed during the last few years. Last year,
1867, the production'of pig-iron was estimated at
1,147,000 tons ; or more, we believe, than any
iron-producing district in Great Britain. The

district also contains extensive rolling-mills for
rails, plates, shipbuilding and mer-
chant iron foundries, establish-

engin
ments, shipbuilding ards, bolt and nut works;
and is calculated to me, before long, one of
the most important industrial centres in the
country. Hence the necessity for such a build-

ing as the new is apparent, and it has
been on & likel yg yy
to the wants of the a long time

come. The weekly eee ny cae thle the

Middlesbrough town baie will be transferred to
the Exchange when it is completed.

375

THE BUILDER.

May 23, 1868. ]

EXCHANGE AND CLUB BUILDINGS, MII LLESBROUGH-ON-TEES.——Mnr. C:

Gee

\ALLES J, ADaMS, ARCHITECT.

\

May 23, 1868.]

THE BUILDER.

377

MR. WHITWORTH’S SCHOLARSHIPS.

A paper has been issued containing docu-
ments additional to those already published re-
specting Mr. Whitworth’s scholarships for pro-
moting mechanical science. The first is a minute
by the Committee of Council on Education, in
which reference is made to a letter and memo-
randum from Mr. Whitworth. Their lordships
state that they have great pleasure in acceding
to the request made by Mr. Whitworth that the
Science and Art Department may conduct the
necessary examinations and correspondence.
Their lordships will also give every assistance in
their power to secure the success of the scheme
which Mr. Whitworth supports with such pa-
triotic munificence. The second and third docu-
ments are the letter and the memorandum re-
ferred to in the minute, There are two impor-
tant paragraphs in the letter. The first sug-
gests, for the consideration of the Committee of
Council on Education, whether honours in the
nature of degrees might not be conferred by
some competent authority on successful students
each year, thus creating a faculty of industry
analogous to the existing faculties of Divinity,
Law, and Medicine. Mr. Whitworth is of opinion
that such honours would be a great incentive to
exertion, and would tend in a considerable de-
gree to promote the object he has in view. In
the other paragraph referred to, the writer ex-
presses a hope that the Government will provide
the necessary funds for endowing a sufficient
number of professors of mechanics throughout
the United Kingdom. In the memorandum
accompanying the letter Mr. Whitworth de-
scribes the general arrangements of the first
competition for the scholarships, which he pro-
poses should take place in May, 1869. These
arrangements have been so devised that, while
requiring @ practical acquaintance with a few
simple tools as a sine qué non, they shall render
the competition accessible on perfectly equal
terms to the student who combines some prac-
tice with his theory, and to the artisan who

combines some theoretical knowledge with per- |

fection of workmanship. As the scholarships
scheme can only come into full operation by
degrees, Mr. Whitworth proposes to create at
once, from the fund ultimately available for the
scheme, sixty exhibitions or premiums, of the
value of 251. each, tenable until April, 1869, and
to place them at the absolute disposal of the
governing bodies of several educational institu-
tions and towns which he names, in order that
they may award them to youths under twenty-
two years of age, who may be thus aided to
qualify themselves, and must undertake to com-
pete for the scholarships of 1001. in May, 1869.

Mr. H. Cole, we observe, has written to the
local authorities of various towns, inclosing the
minute of Council, and announcing the distribu-
tion of thirty scholarships at 1001. each, and
sixty exhibitions of 251. each, to the respective
towns,

NORTHERN ARCHITECTURAL
ASSOCIATION,

AN ordinary meeting of the members of the
Northern Architectural Association was held on
Wednesday, the 13th instant, at the Old Castle,
Newcastle, Mr. R. J. Johnson presiding. The
chairman, Mr. T. Oliver, and Mr. F. Charlton,
were appointed delegates to the Architectural
Alliance Meeting, to be held in London on the
28th inst. Messrs. W. H. Hoskins, Darlington,
J. B. Tilby, Sunderland, and George Connell,
Newcastle, were elected associates. The secre-
tary drew attention to the question of concrete
houses, as @ subject that was attracting atten-
tion, and a discussion ensued on the wsthetic
and constructional qualities of concrete.

BRITISH ARCH AOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION.

At the annual general meeting on Wednes-
day, May 13th, Lord Houghton, vice-president,
in the chair, the annual report was read, together
with the balance-sheet, by which it appeared that
on December 81st, 1867, the balance in hand was
3671. 15s. 10d. after paying all liabilities. There
were twenty-seven members elected within the
year, and twenty had been lost by death and re-
tirement. Of the former, Mr. Nathaniel Gould,
F.S.A., was mentioned as having been one of the

— members, and whose loss was deplored
y

An alteration in the bye-laws was recom-
mended by the Council, and was adopted. Its
effect is to place all past presidents ex officio in
the list of vice-presidents.

The following were elected officers for the en-
suing year :—

President: The Earl Bathurst. Vice-presiden
Earl of Effiingham ; Sir J. Gardner Wilkinsos,
PRS, FEA Y Georg clacdein, aS Fish; Joseph

-R.S., F.8.A. ; win, F.R.S., F.8.A.
Mayer, F.S.A.; J. Re Planché, Somerset Herald ; Raw.

a Scarth, M.A.; Rev, W. 8. Simpson, M.A.,
F.8.A.; Thomas Wright, M.A., F.8.A. — Treasurer:
Gordon M, Hills. Secretaries : EB, Levien, M.A., F.8.A.;
E. Roberts, F.8.A. Seer for Foreign Corre-
dence : Thomas Wright, M.A., F.8.A. Palwographer:
rence Hopper. Curator and Librarian: George R.
Wright, F.8.A. Draughtsman : G. F, Teniswood. Council:
G. G, Adems; G. Ade; W.E. Allen; T. Blashill; H. H.
Barnell, F.8.A.; Josiah Cato; J. Copland, M.D., F.R.S.;
| A. Goldsmid, F.8.A.; J. W. Grover; J. O, Halli
| F.R.8., F.8.A.; H. F. ing, F.8.A.
jJand; W. C. , RA; . 8. M. Mayhew,
| F.8.A,; R. N. Phillips, F.S.A.; J. W. Previté
| Brent, F.S.A, Auditors : O, H. Luxmore, F.S.A. ;

Ceci
Patrick.

The Congress is fixed for the first week in
August, at Cirencester. Thanks having been
given to the officers of the past year, and to the
chairman for his conduct in the chair, the
| meeting adjourned.

ts: The
D.C.L.,

MANCHESTER ARCHITECTURAL
ASSOCIATION.

Tue concluding meeting of the session was
| held on Tuesday evening, May 5th, when the
| following gentlemen were elected office-bearers
| for the ensuing year :—

| President, Mr. Isaac Blackwell; Vice-Presi-
| dent, Charles Clay, M.D. ; Hon. Secretary, Alfred
'Darbyshire; Council, Messrs. Booth, Redford,
| Battye, and Ward.

| The following gentlemen were elected dele-
| gates to the forthcoming Alliance meeting :—

| Mr, Booth, Mr. Darbyshire, and Mr. Alley,

| jun.

A paper, entitled “ A Walk through the City
| of Glasgow,” was read by Mr. P. B. Alley, jun.,
| illustrated by numerous sketches. A conversa-

tion ensued.

ELY CATHEDRAL.

At a recent meeting of the Cambridge Archi-
tectural Society, a communication was read from
the Dean of Ely on the “ repairs now in progress
to the buttresses on the south side of the choir
at the cathedral.”

About two years ago, his lordship said, cracks
were observed in the groining of the choir, and
careful examination was made by Mr. Scott and
his assistant, Mr. Burlison, as to the cause of
the same. The result showed conclusively that
the defect was at the foundation, and that some
slight settlement of the buttresses had mani-
fested itself in the manner described. It has
accordingly been resolved by the Dean and
Chapter to make the whole system of buttress
support from foundation to roof sound if possi-
ble. This involves necessarily two works, first,
the underpinning of the buttresses at the foun-
dation; secondly, the restoration of the flying
buttresses above, some of which are crippled.
We began by an elaborate shoring of the but-
tress which is most in fault. On examining the
foundation we found the wall very defective.
The buttress rested indeed upon the solid rock,
which was right; but the masonry, if masonry
it can be called, between the rock and the
ground level, was of the most unsatisfactory
kind, consisting of little more than rubble with
not very good cement mixed up with it. We
have cleared away all the old weak foundation,
and have replaced it with large slabs of York-
shire stone, which take a wider footing upon the
rock, and are also incapable of crushing or
giving. The first of these operations is nearly
accomplished; I mean that one buttress is
nearly underpinned. Our next step will be to
rebuild the flying buttresses which, as I have

stated, are crippled. I think we shall probably | perso

introduce some iron ties, and make some other
minor improvements. The buttresses of the
Early English portion of the choir have evidently
been troublesome for centuries. The architect
has not made them quite so wide as was desira-
ble, and as I now find he was not sufficiently
careful about the strength of his foundations.
Alan de Walsingham managed his work better,

and there is no appearance of weakness in his
work. The reason why the cracks manifested
themselves at the time at which they did so
appears to me to be found in the fact of an ex-
ceptionally dry summer, which had probably
had an injurious effect upon the imperfect foun-
dations of the buttresses.

THE ARCHITECTURAL RELICS OF
INDIA.

Ir has been resolved by the Government of
India to require the insertion, in every annual
Administration Report, of a separate chapter
on the Archeology of India, under which head-
ing the local Governments and Administration
are requested to notice the condition of works of
art. Petty repairs and measures for the pre-
servation of structures are also to be dealt with

ii| by the local Governments; operations on any

large scale to be referred for consideration to
|the Department of Public Works. Casts and
photographs of the most important works of
| ancient architecture in India are to be taken.
| Men are to be instructed in the art, or modellers
engaged. They will take complete sets of models
| of large buildings. A party of ten or twelve,
|for example, may be employed upon such a
| building as the Sanchi Tope, to make casts of
‘all that it may be deemed desirable to reproduce.
' Each party will be placed under the immediate
| superintendence of some intelligent subordinate
'of the Public Works Department, to be resident
on the spot, and seeing to the carrying ont of
the orders of the superintending officer. The
moulds or casts will be transmitted to the head-
quarters of the general superintendent, and
from these the requisite number of casts will be
prepared and sent to Europe. The subordinate
' will also take accurate plans and measurements
of buildings, and photographers will take views
indicated by the superintending officers. Writ-
‘ten descriptions will be obtained from competent
persons for publication in England, with illes-
trations from the plans and photographs of de-
tails taken from the casts. One or two of such
‘memoirs for each party during the year, it is
thought, will suffice for the present. Four
| working parties will be appointed, one in Ma-
dres, one in Bombay, one for Lower Bengal and
Behar, and another for the North-Western and
Central Provinces, at a cost for all of Rs. 52,000
per annum.
| It is suggested, according to the Bombay
| Builder, that the local Governments might allow
'the experiment to be carried on at first under
|the charge of the principals of the schools of
art and design at the Presidencies. The name of
| Lieut. Cole, R.E., is suggested for the North-
| Western Provinces.

Gypsum or plaster of Paris is said to exist in
| various parts of India; so that it might not
|require, as heretofore, to be imported from
Europe.

POLLUTION OF RIVERS COMMISSION.

Tur new Commisioners have met at Liverpool
in the Council-chamber of the Town-hall, for the

rpose of making arrangements for the pre-
laiienty inspection of the basin of the Mersey,
| which was broken off by the resignation of
Mr. Rawlinson. The new commissioners are
Sir William Denison, K.C.B., R.E.; Dr. Edward
Frankland, F.R.S.; and Mr. John Chalmers
Morton; Mr. 8. J. Smith being their secretary.
The mayor, several members of the council,
the medical officer of health, and other officials
were present.

Sir W. Denison stated briefly the course the
commissioners intended to take. They would
prefer, he said, to receive information in writing.
They were too apt, if they began to examine a
person, to cross-examine him with regard to their
own opinions, and to try to draw from him
admissions which would serve to support fore-
gone conclusions in the minds of the commis-
sioners. Therefore their object was to get as
much written information as they could from
ns who were qualified to give it; and then,
when they had carefully collated it, they would
come down again into the district and examine
evidence with reference to those particular
matters, and so they proposed to get as clear
and definite opinions as possible, not only with
reference to the causes of the impurities, but the
best mode of getting rid of them and doing as
little injury as possible to the industry of the

378

THE BUILDER.

[May 23, 1868,

district, having regard to the character of the
evils which arose from the pollution of the water.
The new commissioners next inspected the
Liverpool sewerage system; and next day, accom-
panied by the principal officials of the corporation,
i the eight sewer outlets into the
Mersey. They also inspected the manure wharfs,
and some of the most crowded and poorest
districts of the town, paying special attention
to the water-closet revolution in progress. The
commissioners will resume their investigation on
an early day. They made, meanwhile, a similar
inspection of the sewerage system at Birkenhead.
They will next visit Manchester, and then War-
rington, and other places.

‘

MONUMENTAL.
A FULL-LENGTH statue of the late Sir Peter

Fairbairn, mayor of Leeds in 1857-8, and the |
father of the present mayor, has been displayed |
in that town. The statue, which was obtained |
by a voluntary subscription, is the work of Mr. |

Noble, the sculptor. It has been erected ona)
suitable site in Oaledonian-road, not very far |
from the Town-hall, in a westerly direction. The |
statue, which is in bronze, mounted on a polished |
granite pedestal, has cost 1,0001.

A wish having been expressed by several
influential persons connected with the Ward of |
Bishopsgate that some permanent memorial
should be raised in that locality to record the
general respect and esteem for the late Alderman
William Taylor Copeland, it has been suggested
that the west window of St. Helen’s Church,
lately restored—to which the late alderman had |
recently contributed—should be filled with an |
appropriate subject in stained glass, to accord |
with the east window. A committee is being |
formed in order to take such steps as may be
deemed advisable to carry the proposition into
effect.

About a year ago the executive committee of
the New York Shakspeare Monument Fund
selected a design out of several models which had
been submitted to them. It was then, however,
in an unfinished condition, but is now completed.
The statue of Shakspeare is expected to be
finished and erected in Central Park (upon the
foundation where its corner-stone was laid with
appropriate ceremonies four years since), on the
23rd day of April, 1869, which will be the 305th
anniversary of Shakspeare’s birth.

VOTES IN SUPPLY FOR PUBLIC
BUILDINGS.

Upon the vote of 25,0001. being taken for new
wings to Burlington House, Mr. Monk asked if
the blank wall in front was to be removed; but
no direct reply appears to have been given to this
question. Mr. C. Bentinck suggested that the ar-
chitects should be requested to improve the plans
for the new buildings, and that the gateway
might be preserved and set up elsewhere. Mr.
Cowper thought Burlington Honse should be
superseded by a new building altogether, and
Mr. Layard and others seemed to be much of
the same opinion. Lord J. Manners said in re-
ply that nothing was asked for alterations of
Burlington House proper, and that the Royal
Academy had already executed their part of the
contract. The vote was agreed to.

On the vote of 22,0001. being taken towards
the expense of erecting the building for the
University of London, Mr. Layard asked if Vigo-
street would be opened for carriage traffic, and
Lord J. Manners replied that all street improve-
ments had been handed over to the local authori-
ties. Mr. Cowper said Vigo-street was so narrow
that its opening was of small importance; and
Lord J. Manners said access to the Royal
Academy and the learned societies would be
obtained from Piccadilly. The London Uni-
versity had made no application for additional
means of access.

On the vote of 106,000l. for the purchase of
a site for the new Courts of Justice, the Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer said, in reply to ques-
tions, that the Treasury had had doubts whether
the decision of the judges as to the design that
should be selected was to be considered a final
award, and the matter was referred to the
Attorney-General, before whom all parties had
power to appear. The Attorney-General had
— his opinion within the last day or two,

he (the Chancellor of the Exchequer) had

not seen it. When it reached him it should be
communicated to the House. As to whether a
new story was to be added to Burlington House,
Lord J. Mazners said there had been no altera-
tions in the plans exhibited last year, which
included the erection of an additional story.

In a brief discussion previously to the House
going into committee, Mr. Alderman Lawrence
drew attention to the narrow and insufficient
approaches to the site; and Mr, M. Chambers
commented severely upon the treatment which
the competing architects had received from the
commission, and urged that the site was ill-
chosen and too limited, and that the new build-
ing had better be erected on the Thames Em-
bankment.

On the vote of 44,0001. for the site of the
enlargement of the National Gallery, Lord J.
Manners said, in reply to questicns, that the
ground for a portion of the site was not yet in
the possession of the Government, and until it
was it would not be advisable for the Govern-
ment to hurry on the selection of an architect,
especially after what occurred last year. Two
competitions took place at the same time last
year and came to an untimely end, and in both
cases the Government found themselves in a
difficult position. He thought that he would
best discharge his duty by giving no positive
answer as to the intentions of the Government
on the subject.

On the vote of 47,9361. for the new buildings
in and about the Houses of Parliament, a
desultory and grumbling discussion took place
on various subjects connected with the Houses of
Parliament, and Mr. B. Osborne said instead of
Messrs. Pugin and Barry quarrelling over who
was the real architect of the building, the wonder
was they did not put the matter aside, or seek to
throw upon the ancestor of each other the odium
of having constructed a building in which there
was not a single useful or comfortable room.
The transfer of the statues of kings to Westmin-
ster Hall was disapproved of by Sir G. Bowyer
as being out of place because they were dreased
in the style of the George III. era, and not in the
Gothic style; and Mr. Locke retorted that upon
that principle the members were out of place
till they also were dressed in the style of
Richard II.’s reign.

On the vote of 25,0001., purchase of land for
the New Palace at Westminster and the embank-
ment of the Thames, Sir C. O’Loghlen said he
hoped the noble lord would lose no time in
securing the land, as it was at present covered
with hay and straw yards, to the great danger
(from fire) of the Houses of Parliament. Per-
haps St. Margaret’s Church, which interfered
with the a ce of Westminster Abbey,
might be removed there. Lord J. Manners said
that a recommendation to that effect had been
lodged with the commissioners,

The votes were all agreed to.

LAMPLIGHTING BY CLOCKWORK.

AN ingenious apparatus for turning on and off
the gas in street or other gas lamps was de-
scribed by Mr. Stephen Tucker in a paper read
at the Society of Arts on the 13th of May, “On
the various methods of lighting streets by gas,
with proposals for the introduction of an im-
proved system.” The apparatus, said Mr.
Tucker, aims at three objects of improvement—
to abolish the genus lamplighter, to simul-
taneously light and extinguish the lamps, and to
economise

The Letters Patent (No. 2,435) of Mr. Walter
Thurgar (who is not professionally connected
with gas-engineering, but is a surgeon, at Nor-
wich), sealed the 25th of February last, are for
“Improvements in Apparatus for Regulati
the Supply of Gas to Barners.” The sag |
this invention is the American clock. The cen-
tral spindle of an eight-day clock revolves once
an hour, and has two arms inserted to gear with
48 teeth on an independent plate, which there-
fore makes its revolution in 24 hours. Of these
48 teeth half are inserted on the upper and half
on the under surface of the plate, and sv have
more liberty to bear upon the arms of the
spindle. This independent plate has 96 cogs in
its circumference, and its ion is thus

retrogression
prevented every quarter of an hour by a small
spring-stop, to avoid strain on the mainspring.
In this 96-cogged plate is inserted a apindle,
connected with the outer or dial-plate, which
has two arms, one fixed, one movable. This

hourat which the gas should be lighted or put out,
according to the time of year. The dial-plate,

hours, and at the proper time the arm presseg
one side of the double cam fixed to the tap in
the vertical gas-pipe. On each side of the tap,
and connecting, as it were, the perforations, is a
small groove, through which, when the light ig
turned off, sufficient gas escapes to su a
small blue flame, which continu: in.
pressed turns the tap, and reduces the light to
this blue flame ; on the other arm

guard, turns on the gas at full, and in effect
lights the lamp. The guard (the sole object of
which is to protect and hide the small day.
light flame) has perforations for air at the bot-
tom, and is connected by a tube with the plate
on which the loops of the cam act

One of these patent apparatus has been tried
by Lord John Manners’s orders in an outer pas-
sage of Somerset House; and another by order

over the porter’s

street-lighting
which followed the reading of the paper.

“CURIOSITIES OF ART.”

Sre,—If you write another article on this sub-
ject, pray note No. 267 (in the Royal Academy
Exhibition), “Mater Puriesima,” and 284,
“Mater Dolorosa.” The artist has represented
them both of about the same age. Nearly .
seven years must have elapsed between

two events. They illustrate twenty-seven years
from matority,—make a woman, in Oriental
countries, quite old,—indeed, as old as a woman
in England would appear at sixty. CC. H.

LECTURES ON SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY,

Siz,—The “ Workmen’s Technical Education
Committee,” appointed at a conference held at
the rooms of the Society of Arts, under the
presidency of the Earl of Lichfield, in March
last, have made arrangements for the delivery
of a course of popular lectures by eminent
scientific men, for the purpose of illustrating
the connection between progress in scientific
knowledge and the prosperity of the national
industry. The lectures will take place twice
a-week, at the Mechanics’ Institute in South-
ampton Buildings, and will commence with a
lecture, on Tuesday evening next, by Professor
R. Kerr, on “Technical Education for the Work-
man from an Architect’s Point of View.” Dr.
W. B. Carpenter, Dr. Lankester, Professor War-
rington Smyth, and the other eminent men
secured, will give their valuable services gra-
tuitously. There will be two courses of four
lectures each; the charge for each course being
sixpence, and for admission to a single lecture
threepence. As we are most anxions that the
London artisans should be made fully aware of
these i t series of lectures, we shall be
greatly obliged by the insertion of this letter.

: ‘ Hopeson Pratt, Chairman.
150, Strand. Tuomas Patenson, Hon. Sec.

A QUESTION IN RESTORATION.

roughly ignored in some instances,

carried to such a ridiculous extent, that I should

like to elicit a decided ion of opinion

upon one point, especially at the present time,

for my own guidance; I hope, also, for 4
i wi

movable or adjusting arm is for regulating the

May 23, 1868.]

THE BUILDER.

379

higher than the other windows, additional jamb-
stones having been roughly worked, and the old
arch stones looking most uncomfortable in their
new four-centred resting-place. As these win-
dows are in a tumble-down condition, am I to
reproduce the tracery, as well as the jambs and
arch, as I find them, copying each stone with its
defective arc; or am I, after having reproduced
the tracery, to inclose it in jambs and head of
Perpendicular character; or am I to put two
new windows, such as I have evidence to prove
were similar to the rest ?

What my own opinion may be is at the present
time immaterial. I know two good authorities
who differ, and can hardly hope, therefore, for
a unanimous verdict ; but, for the sake of the
younger members of the profession, I dare hope
that you may deem this question of sufficient
importance for discussion in your valuable paper.

M. UNDERWOOD,

PLAGUE-STONES.—DERBY.

Accorpine to “ Hutton” the town of Derby
fell under that severe calamity, the plague, in
1665.

“The town was forsaken; the farmers declined the
Market-place ; and eo grew u the spot on which the
necessaries of life been sold. To prevent a famine,
the inhabitants erected, a little way out of the town, what
bore the name of the Headless Cross, consisting of about
four quadrangular steps, covered in the centre with one
large stone ; the whole near 5 ft. high. |

Hither the market people, having their mouths primed
with tobacco as a preservative, brought their provisions,
stood at a distance from their pro , and at a greater
from the townspeople, with whom were to traffic.
The buyer was not suffered to touch any of the articles be- |
fore purchase ; but, when the agreement was finished, he
took the goods, and Sant the money in a vessel filled |
with vinegar, set for t purpose. A confidence, raised
by necessity, took place between buyer and seller, which |
never existed before or since: the first could not examine |

the value of his purchase, nor the seeond that of his
money.”

The Headless Cross has been placed in the
Arboretum, and is in an excellent state of pre-
servation. Jas. J. Roprns.

ROYAL ACADEMY EXHIBITION.

Sra,— Would you allow me, while thanking you for your
impartial criticism of my drawing at the Royal Academy,
to explain that the uliar form of the roof, of which
you speak, arises from ubar fe pe of my
client. i venture to ask this because [ attach weight to
your criticisms, and desire to set myself right with your |
readers; and, doing so, am careiess of venomous |
remarks with which, for some cause unknown to me,
some cowardly slanderer has continuously for years past
endeavoured to injure my reputation in another journal.

Faapgnick WaLLEN.

THE THAMES EMBANKMENT AND
THE BOYS.

S1n,— While there is much to admire and commend in
the stone (granite) work of the new Thames Embank-
ment, there is one point to which I could have wished
some attention had
been given, viz., the avoidance, as far as could be, of such |
projections with flat tops as give facilities for children to
climb up to and rest upon or slide down by. I saw, a few
daze aga, en guing fests Westeninatar idge to Lam
atleast twenty boys and girls cuumbing up by the moulding |
on the outside of the dado wall of the steps at Stangate,
where the moulding has a flat surface of 4in.; whereas
& weathered top or upper surface would obviate this. I

between the master builders and the men at the
Town-hall, viz., setting apart a day on which to
celebrate in each year the adoption of the princi-
ples of arbitration for settlement of all questions
arising between the masters and the men. A
unanimous and lively interest was evinced in the
matter by the meeting. After much deliberation,
the following resolution was adopted :—

“That this meeting of the Operative Carpenters’ and
Joiners’ Branch of the Buildin je views with extreme

i the existing cordiality between the members

thereof and the leading master builders of Wolver-
hampton ; and, in order to strengthen and confirm such
compact, by drawing the several elements into closer com-
munication, accepts with confidence the idea of the
honoured and respected umpire to the trade, Rupert Kettle,
esq., of a ‘ builders’ day,’ and that the workmen’s arbi-
trators be appointed a committee to carry out the nev
arrangements in order to give due effect to the same,””
The course pursued by the master builders in
the late conference was very generally applauded.
——A meeting of the operative painters has been
held at the Noah’s Ark Inn, to consider the
desirability of placing the trade on a better foot-
ing than it now occupies in respect to the rest
of the building trades. With little or no discus-
sion it was resolved,—‘ That we solicit the
masters for the sum of Is. advance, and a

reduction of two hours on the Saturday.” It!

was afterwards determined that a circular
embodying the resolution should be sent to
every employer, based upon a circular issued in
May, 1865, when, the chairman remarked, the
trade successfully obtained a rise of 2s. a week

by one day’s strike. The wages which the

Wolverhampton painters now receive are 27s. a
week. A committee of twelve, composed jointly
of society and non-society men, was then formed,

to represent the whole body in the negotiations }

with the masters.

Another Strike of Belgian Workmen.—The
stokers of the iron company of Montigny-sur-
Sambre, near Charleroi, have struck work in
consequence of an intimation of lowering wages.

The workmen were offered five francs per day |

instead of six. They declared they would not
work. The next morning a placard posted on
the walls of the establishment announced an
increase of 5 per cent. on the sum proposed, but
work has not been resumed. No disturbances
have taken place.

PROVINCIAL NEWS.

Newcastle-wpon-Tyne.—The “ Brumell Wing”
of the Ragged and Industrial Schools has been

‘inaugurated by Sir W. Armstrong, K.C.B. The
original building, which has been twice ex. |

tended, was erected from the designs of the late
Mr. Dobson ; and the present extension has been
designed and carried out by Mr. Thomas Oliver,

Red Barnes, was the sole contractor. The new
wing consists of a commodious boys’ school-
room, with class-room, store-room, and work-
rooms on the ground-floor, and a large boys’

paid beyond what seems to have | dormitory and reading-room above. In addition

to these extensions, considerable alterations and
additions have been made in the old buildings.
The dining-room has been enlarged, and the two
school-rooms for boys and girls have been thrown
into one, to be used for a girls’ school only. New
class-rooms and lavatories for the girls are also

am quite aware the former is the more correct, as wellas provided. Alterations have been made in the

more elegant shape, but it leads to inconveniences. I saw
the same trespass at the steps on the Westminster side,
but the parties were less in number, §LonponrEnsis.

THE TRADES MOVEMENT.

Bradford.—The operative painters some weeks
aac struck work for an advance of wages—from
5id. to 6d. per hour. The masters resisted the
application on the ground that it was un-
reasonable; and the men, who alleged that an
implied acquiescence had been previously made,
offered to submit the matter to arbitration, but
their employers refused. The different masters
have now obtained a supply of hands from
London. The men who struck work have, conse-
quently, started an industrial society (limited),
With, it is said, great promise of success.

Wolverhampton.—A general meeting of the
operative carpenters and has Bes held
at wr Noah’s _ Inn, the discussion of
Several matters importance relating to the
trade, not the least of which was the considera-
tion of the subject mooted by the umpire to the

administrative department, and a new sick-ward,
with nurse’s room adjoining, both of which are
cut off from the main premises, and a separate
staircase from the outside, have been provided.
The new wing corresponds in ita style of build-
ing with the existing premises. Every care has
been taken to make it dry, warm, cleanly, and
well-ventilated. The interior walls of the school-
room, class-room, dormitory, and reading-rooms
are built in the inside of buff-coloured glazed
bricks, to a height of 5 ft. from the floor; and
above this height they are faced with Parian
cement. The ventilation is self-acting, with ad-
ditional resources when required, and is designed
on the “through and through” principle, with
openings opposite: the windows also being ar-
ranged on the same plan. There is a large cubic
quantity of air to each n,and abundance of
light. The warming is by open fireplaces, which
also assist in ventilating the rooms. New
latrines are provided for the boys, and they are
ventilated on the same principle as the rooms
and dormitories. The increased accommodation
which has been provided will admit between 50
and 60 inmates, and about 100 day-scholars in
addition.

branch, Mr. Rupert Kettle, in the late conference

HER MAJESTY’S THEATRE.

TE foundation stone of her Majesty’s Theatre
was discovered on Wednesday last, whilst re-
moving the foundations. The stone was raised
in the presence of Messrs. Lee & Pain, and in a
cavity in the bed of the stone were found a
guinea, date 1788; half-guinea, date 1789; a
shilling, date 1787; a sixpence, date 1787; a
fourpenny-piece, date 1786 ; a threepenny-piece,
date 1772 ; a twopenny-piece, date 1786 ;anda
silver penny-piece, date 1786.

The position of the stone was in the north
wall of the box corridor, on the centre line of
the anditorium, under the opening leading from
the hall to the pit corridor, at a depth of
2 ft. 3in. below the paving of the hall. The
dimensions of the stone are 2 ft. 1 in. long,
1 ft. 1} in. wide, and 1 ft. deep. The inscrip-
tions on the stone are as follow :—On the top—
“ The first stone of this new theatre was laid on
the 3rd of April, 1790, in the 30th year of the
reign of King George III., by the Right Honour-
able John Hobart, Earl of Buckingham.—Auctor
pretiosa facit.” On the front—‘*The King’s
Theatre, in the Haymarket, first built in 1703.”
At right end—“ But unfortunately destroyed by
fire on the 17th June, 1789.” On the back—
“ Prevalebit justitia.”

CHURCH-BUILDING NEWS.

at a cost of about 2,0001. Mr. Andrews was the |
clerk of the works; and Mr. W. Gibson, of the

Hollington.—The old church of Hollington, Sus-
sex, having been found inadequate, a new church,
| to be dedicated to St. John, has been erected, and
| the edifice has been consecrated by the Bishop
|of Chichester. In style it is Early English,
| slightly departed from. There is an absence of
|ornamentation. The nave is fitted with stained
| deal open seats, and these will afford accommo-
dation for nearly 500 persons. The church is
built with arches in the north wall, so as fo be
readily capable of enlargement. The font isa
present given by the architect of the church,
Mr. E. W. Wyon, of London. Mr. Howell, of
| Hastings, has built the edifice. The cost of the
work is said to be about 4,0007.

Gloucester.—The restoration of the tower of
St. Michael’s Church has been commenced. Mr.
Clutterbuck is the contractor, and the present
contract includes the renovation of the tower up
to the string-course. For this portion of the
restoration sufficient money has been promised,
but farther subscriptions will be needed to carry
out the whole of the restoration as designed.

Church Stretton.— About twelve months since
| it was determined to thoroughly restore this old
| church, and to add a second transept aisle to
| the south, opening to the present south transept,
as also to the nave by anarcade. It was at first
determined to allow a gallery, erected by the
late rector, the Rev. R. N. Pemberton, at the
west end of the nave, to remain, but as the work
P it became apparent that it would
sadly mar the appearance of the roof, which is a
specimen of Norman building, the other parts
of the church being mostly Gothic. Mr. Pountney
Smith is the architect, and Mr. Pugh, of Hunger-
ford, is the contractor.

Wheatley.—The church here, which was built
and consecrated in 1857, has, at an additional
cost of 6001, been crowned by a spire.

Caldecote.—All Saints’ Church has been con-
secrated. The plan consists of nave and chancel
under one roof (covered with dark red tiles sur-
mounted by a ridge of yellow), intercepted by
transepts of slightly lower elevation. The sepa-
ration of nave and chancel externally is effected
by carrying up the wall of partition above the
roof and making it support a large bell-cote,
capped with stone and finished with a metal
cross, pierced for two bells, from Taylor’s foun-
dry at Loughborough. The entrances are at the
south-west and north-west, the porches being
formed within the walls and furnished with
double doors. The west end Sang cers Mel —
apsidal baptistery of semicircular “
by tae small windows, painted by Heaton &
Butler, of London, one from the contributions of
the school children, the other given by the
Misses Wilson. The interior length of nave,
including the baptistery, is 78 ft., and of the
chancel, 32 ft. ; width of nave and chancel, 27 ft.;
length through the transept, 53 ft.; height from
floor to ridge of roof, 33 ft. The east wall is
pierced with three round-headed lights, divided
internally by stone shafts with carved capitals,
surmounted by a circular light, a horizontal

band of red, black, and white commencing from

i
{

<a iprsae-spennanesioaee thin. sm pypmsomsdbeage

(¥
es

if
Gs
#,
’
te
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i
ts
'

380

THE BUILDER.

[May 23, 1868,

the wall-plate and rising in an arch which spans
the entire window. The temporary glazing is of

green, yellow, and white. The transepts are
lighted in a similar manner, two round-headed ford. Messrs. Wheeler Brothers, of Reading,

‘are the contractors. There was no clerk of

windows beneath a circular one. The west gable
is also pierced with a round light. The nave-
windows are single round-headed lights filled
with.glass of different tints, arranged in alter-
nate sections of square and diamond panes. The
nave and chancel walls, arches, and window-
heads are relieved, both within and without, by
lines and alternating courses of red, black, and

ce

‘designs and under whose superintendence the | to the fand. Mr. J. O. Halliwell, of Tregunter.

additions to the church have been carried out | road, London, receives these, and also makes

is Mr. Henry Woodyer, of Graffham, Guild-

the works. The cost of the building is about
6,0001. The windows cost 7001. The organ

purchases of suitable books, &c.

Every Man’s Own Lawyer: a Handy-Book of the
Principles of Law and Equity. By a Barrister,

has been restored and rebuilt by Messrs. Walker| Sixth edition. London: Lockwood & Co.
& Sons, of London, and the expense will be | fy ig said that the man who is his own la:

defrayed by subscription. The lamps, brass-
work, chalice, candelabra, &c., are provided
by Mr. Hardman, of Birmingham.

white, the chamfered edges being formed of
yellow notched bricks, from Stevenage. The
open timber roof of the chancel, though of the
game construction as in the nave, is distin- | nISSENTING CHURCH-BUILDING NEWS.
guished from it by the addition of colour, the |

portion above the sanctuary being more elabo- | Swindon.—The chief stone of Wesley Chapel
rately decorated and further enriched with has been laid at New Swindon, by Sir F.
gilding. The chancel walls beneath the win-| Lycett, ex-Sheriff of London and Middlesex.
dows are plastered and covered with conven-| Mr. T. 8. Lansdown, Swindon, prepared the
tional flower-pairiting in chocolate. The chancel | plans of the building, which is based on the
is divided from the nave by a low stone screen, | building known as the Barracks. The style of
surmounted by light ironwork. The style of the | architecture is Decorated Gothic. The principal
building is described as Pointed with Roman-/entrance is on the south side, through three
esque modifications, adopted on account of the | doorways, which open into a vestibule 16 ft. by
material employed, which is white brick, with | 13 ft., and on either side of this are two towers,

red and black for ornamental purposes. The | which are 66 ft. in height, and containing the |
combination of colour, without being obtrusive, staircases leading to the galleries. The body of |

imparts a general warmth throughout. The | the chapel is 69 ft. 6 in. wide, by 88 ft. long.
musonry was executed by Mr. Warren, and the | The whole of the seats will be of deal, light-
woodwork by Mr. Bates, both of Stevenage ; the | stained and varnished. On the western side of
ironwork by Mr. Shrivell, of London; and all the chapel there are two class-rooma, 19 ft. 6 in.
the decoration by Messrs. Heaton & Butler. The | by 19 ft. each; a deacons’ vestry, 19 ft. 3 in. by
contract with Mr. Warren was for 1,700l., and 15 ft. 3 in.; also a kitchen, living-room, pantry,
the extra work, including the furniture and | &., for the chapel-keeper. The entrance in the
gifts, is estimated at 5001. The church is built | High-street will remain unaltered, and will be
for 275 adults, but admitted on the day of con- used ag one of the principal entrances to the
secration 400 persons. The burial-ground was | chapel, as well as to reach the school, class-
lowered and levelled almost entirely by the un- rooms, &c.; this will make eight places of in-
paid labour of the men of the hamlet. The | gress and egress, including the two staircases
architect was Mr. A. W. Blomfield, of London. | contained in the towers. The walls are lined

Dorking.—St. Martin’s Church has been con- | with Bath stone on the inside. The height from |

secrated, on the completion of the chancel, which | floor to ceiling will be about 29 ft. Over the
has been built to replace the old chancel, which, | class-room is a school-room, 88 ft. 6 in. by 23 ft.
in the general rebuilding, commenced in 1835, 6 in., and about 18 ft. high. There is also one

and completed in 1837, was left at a level of 7 ft.| end gallery provided, which is reached by the
below the height of the present structure. From staircases in the towers. The whole of the’
this cause, and from the obstruction of the central windows to the chapel will be remodelled, to)

tower, it was completely cut off from the nave, | give an ecclesiastical appearance. The present
and was thereby rendered useless. The limited accommodation is for 1,062, and the building is
space under the tower has hitherto been used |so arranged that side galleries can be added
for chancel purposes, for which it was unfit, both when required, which will accommodate about
from want of size and of light. This inconve- | 300 additional persons, making a total of 1,352.
nient state of things has now been remedied by |The whole building will be well lighted and
the building of a spacious chancel, and by open- ventilated. The works are carried out under
ing out larger arches on the east, west, and the superintendence of the architect, and Mr.
north sides of the tower, and giving greaterspace T. Barrett, of the same place, is the contractor.

for the choir and the greatly enlarged organ, | Blyth.—The foundation-stone of a new chapel |

which stands in the north travsept, having its for the use of the Congregationalista of Blyth
front in the new north arch. The style chosen has been laid. The site is in Carlton-street.
for the new work was inflaenced by that of the The drawings have been prepared by a member
old, and is Late Decorative in character. The! of the body, and are being carried out under the
old east window farnished the type for the new superintendence and personal inspection of Mr.
windows generally. The walls are faced with James Darling and Mr. John Wood. The total
snap flint work, the dressings being of Bath | cost of the building, including lighting, warming,
etone. The roof is covered with Westmoreland | and ventilation, but exclusive of ground, will be

slates, and the parapets sre of pierced work. | about 1,6001. The contractors for the work are: 8reat

The carving in the interior is the work of Mr.’ mason and joiner, Mr. James Nairn, of Blyth,

Nichols, of Lambeth. The chancel windows are | with Mr. Wm. White as sub-contractor for joiner
filled with stained glags by Mr. Wailes, of New-| work; slaters’ work, Messrs. Dawber & Son;
the different compartments, Chriat’s entry into| Newcastle; plumbers’ work, Messrs. Henderson
Jerusalem ; ine Agony in the Garden; Bearing | & Thompson, Blyth ; plasterers’ work, Mr. Joseph
St. John taking the Virgin home; the Resurrec- | work, Messrs. T. A. Bowman & Son, Morpeth.
tion; and the appearance to Mary in the Gar-

contain figures of the twelve Apostles, and there v

are groups from the Acts as follow :—The elec- Hooks Receib ed

the day of Pentecost, Peter baptising, Peter and ee 3

John healing the lame man, Barnabas laying A Catalogue of the Books, Manuscripts, Works of
Peter and John delivered from prison, Peter| fe and Works of Shakspeare, and of the His-
and John before the council, Peter raising tory of Stratford-upon-Avon, which are pre-
nelius, and the death of James. There are| London: printed for the Shakspeare Fand.
two other windows having special reference to| 1868.

ter. As a soldier, the representative tableaux establishment of the Shakspeare Fund, three of
of St. Martin are—Received as a catechumen ;| the most important of the objects in view have
a cavalry regiment; his baptism; divides his | formation of the valuable library and museam.
cloak with a beggar; offers to meet the enemy | The permanency of this important collection
have where St. Hilary instructs him ; converts | museum have been conveyed to the corporation
fifty-five ; burns down pagan temples and sacred logue has been compiled by Mr. Clarence Hopper.
trees; celebrating the Mass; and bis death at Presents to the museum and library are of

castle. The chief or east window represents, in| ironfounders’ work, Messrs. Walker & Emley,
the Cross; the Betrayal ; scene before Pilate; | Elliott, North Shields; painters and glaziers’
den. The south and north chancel side windows

tion of Matthias, Pentecost, Peter’s sermon on

the price of his land at the Apvstles’ feet, Art, Antiquities, and Relics, illustrative of the
Dorcas, Peter's vision, Peter preaching to Cor- served in the Shakspeare Library and Museum.
St. Martin, in his military and priestly charac- | Ix the few years which have elapsed since the
dreams of our Lord appearing to him; joined | been nearly completed, and t them the
armed only with the cross. As a priest, we| has been carefully secured. The library and
his mother; elected Bishop of Tours, aged of Stratford-upon-Avon upon trast. py
the age of eighty. The architect from whose course still acceptable, as well as subscriptions

has a fool for his client ; but “ Every Man’s Own
Lawyer” is not every man his own lawyer. This
epitome of law and equity must be very useful to
the public generally, and may save many a six.
and-eightpence, for the price of one; for the
price is, appropriately, 6s. 8d. This edition ig
not only revised, but supplemented by the sub.
stance of new Acts.

A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches
of other Sciences. By Henny Warts, B.A.
F.R.S., F.C.8., editor of the Journal of the
Chemical Society, assisted by eminent contri.
butors. Part XLV. Water—Zymargy (com.
pletion). London : Longmans, Green, Reader,
& Dyer. 1868.

‘Tats valuable and standard work, in five

volumes, is now completed. We have so often

spoken of it while in course of issue that all we
need at present do in the way of recommenda.
tion is to announce its completion. We may
here, however, quote a brief passage from the
|concluding number as to a cement of zinc, an
| incidental glimpse of which, some time since, in
course of chemical experiments for a purpose

/unconnected with cements, led us to think

| it would be preferable to that of magnesium,

recommended by a French chemist, and of which
we lately gave some account, partly from ex-
perimental inquiry of our own :—

** When zine-oxide is boiled with a strong solution o
sine-chloride in certain proportions, a plastic mass is
obtained, which, after a while, becomes very hard, and
| may be used for taking caste. A gument, peepee by
| adding 3 pts. zinc-oxide and 1 pt. glass-powder to 50 pts.
of a solution of zine-chloride of specific gravity 16—1°6,
with 1 pt. of borax dissolved in the smallest possible
quantity of water, is much used in Paris for ~—
| teeth, and for making artificial teeth (Feichtinger, Dingl.

ide of zinc, prepared by a
similar process, may also be used as a paint for wood,
, stone, or metal. It dries quickly, and is quite free

m odour. (Sorel.)”’

Nine years have elapsed since the Dictionary
of Chemistry was begun. It has extended consi-
derably beyond the limits originally contem-
plated; nevertheless, the space has still been
found tvo narrow for the treatment, as the editor
would have wished, of many important subjects.
Some of these, however, are so valuable that
they have taken rank as classical treatises in
| their respective spheres; and,of course,such trea-
| tises greatly enhance the merits and the value
of the work. So many changes and advances
have been made in chemistry within the last
nine years, that the editor has found a supple-
ment requisite to bring up many subjects to
their most recent stage of development; but
this is unavvidable in the publication of any
work requiring time for its completion.
_ The editor states, on the whole un ing,

_ he has endeavoured to give some notice of every

| compound discovered up to the time of publica-

\tion of of each part of the work; and where

fall description was impossible, reference is

given to original sources of information. The

work is an important and valuable contribution
to chemical science and the allied branches of
other sciences of which it treats. The part now
issued contains the title page, and an index and
preface to the fifth volume.

|
|

| pol. J. el. 78). An oxychloride

A School Manual of Health, By Epwin Lan-
Kester, M.D., F.R.S. London: Groombridge
& Sons, Paternoster-row.

Tuis is an excellent little treatise on the ele-

mentary principles of physiology. Its object is

to supply the elder scholars in our national and
other schools with an elementary treatise on
those facts which must be known in order to
secure health. It does not enter into minute
details of the structure of the human body, bat
treats of such subjects as digestion and its organs,
the nature of the food, and the elementary and
organic constitution of the human body, the
natare of the blood and its circulatory organs,
the function of respiration, and so on, up to the
cerebral functions, the two states of waking and
sleep, and the spiritual nature of man.

We may quote from what Dr. Lankester says
on the subject of respiration, to show how clearly
and simply, yet scientifically, he inoulcates the

a mm mw oe het ee et et A ROSA SEAM ARS COMA PU SSeS OR OSU TARA Peewee LPeeowseBeecssc

2 eae i al at i i ee i i ee ri eee ee. i a, ne i i i, ai

it

May 23, 1868. ]

THE BUILDER.

381

great sanitary traths by whose guidance health
may be assured :—

“ ion of respiration should be

Ape poe Bag Nee roy first im oe that the

carried on pro
sir which MY taken into the lungs should be pure. If there
is a deficiency of oxygen in the air breathed by a eae

being, the changes necessary to the production of anim

beat ae not “ee. place, and a aries the blood
ensues. Theair breathed by human is constantly
liable to a deficiency of oxygen, by its corruption during

arious artificial of combustion. Thus, in a
yoo lighted. with gas, the gas will consume so large a
quantity of oxygen as to diminish the sa for persons

our present civilisation is the practice of introducing ge
into our sitting-rooms, bed-rooms, workshops, and fac-
tories, without making sufficient ere for the
supply of the oxygen gas consumed by lights. One
gee light of an ordi kind consumes during ing as
much oxygen as five haman beings, and where no pro-
vision is made for a supply of oxygen, the air is
most injurious to health. In the same way alarge number
of human being my congeegeene ina room, will con-
sume eos oxygen and reuder the air unfit for maintaining
healthy life.

N eteuly do the combustion of gas and candles, and the
respiration of human beings, consume the —— of the
air, but they make it impure by giving off ic acid
ok, ie Oe ee ae ing lamps, and
candles, hae g homan a t is a most
destructive gas. If a jar of carbonic acid is collected
from the burning of lights or fires, or the breathing of ani-
mals, no light ean be burned in it, no animal can live in it.
When sent forth from the lungs of animals it is instantly
got rid of in the operation, and a natural ventilation is
established; but when it is confined in rooms, it is
breathed agua and again, and the most disastrous effects
follow. W ao, Seen acid is ——" the blood, it
prevents those changes taking place which are necessary
to health; and a oady of diseases are the result. One
of the most common and obvious results of breathing an
atmosphere charged with carbonic acid is the production
of the diseases known as scrofula and consumption. In
those districts of London and other large towns of Great
Britain and Ireland, where is the greatest overcrowding,

there scrofulous diseases and consumption are most pre-
valent. Not only are these diseases prevalent in such
places, but persons exposed to the action of carbonic acid |
are much more hable to fevers and other diseases than |
those who obtain a due supply of fresh air. Of so much
importance is fresh air to the health of man, that the |
Government insists that in every family there should be
500 cubic feet of sir for each individual. . . . .

But the most dangerous contamination of the air is
that which arises from the diffusion in it of vegetable and
animal poisons, When plants and animals are dying or
dead they give off small particles of matter which, enter-
ing the human lungs, pass into the blood and produce
disease. These particles though apparently dead, possess
the power of producing in living particles the same de-
composing condition in which they themselves are, It is
thus that the particles rising into the air from drains and
dead bodies, may produce in the living body the most
fetal and destructive diseases. Many forms of fever are
known to arise from this source alone. Amongst others
may be mentioned drain oe which carries off from
fifteen to twenty thousand human‘persons every year in
Great Britain, oh which is .

trescent matter of drains being taken into the human

angs and carried into the blood. The decaying matter of |
plants, such as their leaves and stems,

water, ge a ap an efflavium, known
w

the
produces the most violeut and terrible

the same |
manner. The great remedy for these diseases is a

All putrefying plants and animals should be got rid 0 at

4
i
%
x
.
F

first duty of a man who possesses s house to see that all |
decomposing animal and vegetable matter is at once sent
away, or placed at such @ distance from the house that no
human being can be injured by its presence. When
deposits of this kind cannot be got rid of, they should be
disinfected. There are many commonly sold in
shops for this purpose ; mpegs we may mention
— of lime, carbolic acid, and the permanganate of

“eee
But these proving particles which are given
off from all dead and dying animal and vegetable bodies,
Save sae Caen EOS , which are giver off from
living animal es Ww. contaminate the air, snd
Sgainst which too active measures can hardly be tal.cn.
The human body is subject to certain diseases which, origi-
nating in the blood, produce particles in it which, given
off from the body, are of the same dis-
scarlet fe pote ge a a bi na

‘ever, , whooping typhus typhoid
fevers, and cholera. Ip B cep are attack —_
these diseases, they are capa giving off particles into
the air which, when taken up ee
the same disease, By proper precautions all these di
may be prevented from propagating themselves in other
persons. With regard to small-pox, it is found that if
persons are vaccinated, are not ivi
the disease. Hence the duty of all parents to see that
their children are early va in order to prevent
their taking this terrible disease. It is certainly a false
notion to suppose that vaccine matter by itself can intro-

- : ne be, cacienged Sree SN Se
urs. It is a common ice, m to be reprehended
to send children to school from i ‘

top of the room or building, so that the warm impure air
may escape. In cold veces hs fires ventilate rooms, by a
current of warm air ascending the chimney, and the cold,
fresh air rashes into the room to supply its place. In
warm weather rooms should never be shut up. When
there is no other means of ventilation, the top sash of the
window should be let down, so as to allow of the esc of
ingens air. All houses should be constructed with holes
and valves, to let the impure air of the rooms out into the
chimneys or into the open air,”

In this useful little manual of health snuf-
ficient is said of the structure of the human
body to enable every reader to understand the
‘operation of the great laws on which the health
and life of human beings depend, and to show
that these are God’s laws, and that He will not
suffer them to be broken with impunity.

Miscellanea,

SocreTy yor THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF THE
Fine Arts.—The third conversazione of the
season has been held at the gallery of the Society
of British Artiste, Mr. Solly, F.R.S., in the chair.
After an introductory address, in which the
chairman dwelt on the soothing influences of
art upon all, and especially upon those engaged
in science, musical performances commenced.
The company was numerous, and presented a
brilliant appearance; music, painting, sculp-
ture,—the marble side by side with the life,—all
combined to lend a charm to an entertainment
as pleasant to the artist and amateur as encou-
raging to the higher branches of art.

Tae Merropouiran District Rarnway AND
THE THAMES EMBANKMENT.—At the last meeting
of the Metropolitan Board of Works,‘the Works
and General Parposes Committee presented a
report on the proposals of the Metropolitan
District Railway as to the construction of a solid
embankment between the Temple and Black-
friars Bridge. A provisional agreement had
been entered into for the construction of a solid
embankment, with a 100 ft. roadway thereon,
from the Temple Gardens to Blackfriars Bridge,
and the company to construct their railway
within the Embankment; the railway company
to commence their works for the construction o
the railway on the Embankment from West-
minster Bridge to the Temple on the Ist of July
next, and the other works to be carried on
simultaneously with the works of the Board;
the railway company to deposit 40,0001. on the
lst of July next; the payment of the 200,0001.

| to be paid to the Board to be spread over three

years. The report was adopted.

Hatr-tTints In Paintinc.—The great difficulty
in shading is the management of the half-tints.
Any one can make an extreme shade of black ;
and if the right feeling for half-tints and semi-
tones is not a natural one—something analogous
to that of a good ear for music—it can be to a
great extent acquired, though in some cases it
will demand a much greater amount of practical
experience and observation than in others before
they begin to perceive the many varities of tone
which are spread upon the surface of an object,
especially if it be an irregular one. Bat when
we have to add colour in connexion with light
and shade, we go farther into a field of change
and variety that is unbounded. And here is
the test of the painter. It is the management
of the minor tones which makes all the differ-
ence between a first-rate artist and a common
country sign-painter. The latter may paint a
red cow sufficiently well to answer the purpose
of giving a title to the village ale-house. We
will grant tbat he has the ability to make a
tolerable representation of the animal in outline,
but when he attempts to paint it he will do
nothing more than fill up the oatline with red,
and darken the parts in shade with black,
because he can see nothing further; but the eye

-| of the true artist would seize upon the innume-

rable tinta spread all over the surface—the
various degrees of colour influenced by the
position aud strength of the light, some parts
more brilliant, some more subdued, intermingled
with greys of various hues in every portion—
added to which are the reflections of colour and
of light amongst the shadows, some warm, some
cold: in short, to name all the changes and

| tones that would require his especial attention

can only be done by him who is able to paint
them. Here, then, is the secret why one painter
is greater than another; and their comparative
excellence is determined by their ability to per-
ceive and represent few or many of the infinite
varities of tones scattered over every object in
nature.—Cassell’s New Popular Educator.

Valve or House Property in New Yors.—
The rise in the value of real property in the me-
tropolis of America is shown by the following
from the New York Times :—The south corner of
Broadway and Bond-street has been valued
within ao life time at 10 dollars: it was sold once
for 250 dollars, then offered for 500 dollars, then
for 2,800 dollars, and in 1839 was again sold for
18,000 dollars. Recently a sewing-machine
company offered 200,000 dollars for it, which
being declined they have leased the premises
for a long term, and are about to open “the
most magnificent sewing-machine establishment
in the world.” Daring the past forty years the
property has doubled in value every seven years.
The whole of New York island was once sold for
10 dollars.

Tue Lystitution oF Crvit ENctnzers.—At the
closing business meeting for the present Session,
| held on Tuesday, the 19th instant, Mr. Charles
| Hatton Gregory, president, in the chair, nine
| Candidates were balloted for and duly elected.
| The total number of elections during the Session
| 1867-68 has been 150, viz. : 45 members, and 105
associates. The register of the iustitution now
contains the names of 16 honorary members, 641
members, 914 associates, and 123 students, in all
1694, as against 1449 of the various classes at
the same date last year, including at that time,
20 honorary members, 591 members, 834 asso-
ciates, and 4 graduates. The class of students
has been created during the session just con-
cluded, to take the place of the old Graduate
Class, which is now abolished.

THE BisHor or Lonpon’s CHURCH-BUILDING
Funp.—The Bishop of London’s proposal to
raise @ million sterling for church building and
other ecclesiastical purposes is not likeiy, it is
said, to be fully accomplished. Five of the ten
years which were allowed for raising the fand
have passed, and less than a third of the total
amount has been contributed. A pastoral by
the bishop has been read in all the churches of
his diocese, calling for additional subscriptions,
j and stating the various objects on which the
| money received has been expended. The sum
/of 51,5001. has been given as stipends for 113
| additional clergymen ; 49,0001. have been voted
|towards building forty-seven new churches;
| 48,0001. for educational purposes; 54,0001. for
church and school sites ; and 35,0001. for objects
specified by the donors.

Artists’ General BENEVOLENT INstTITUTION.—
The fifty-third anniversary of this charity was
held on Saturday night, at the Freemasons’
Tavern, Mr. John Duke Coleridge, M.P., in the
chair. It appears from the report of the opera-
tions of the charity for the past year, that the
total income was 1,6861., of which 9661., were
subscribed at the last anniversary dinner.
During the year seventy-six applicants were
relieved with the sum of 1,3171. The charity is
administered with so mach economy that an
average of the last six years shows an annual
expenditure of not more than 1341. The losses
sustained by so many persons in all classes of
society by the financial panic of 1866 have for
the present prevented the committee from taking
any further steps to raise a special sam of money
for the endowment of an artists’ orphan home,
and thus avail themselves of the liberal offer
made to the institution in 1866. The company
present was abont 150 in number. Subscrip-
tions to the amount of nearly 8001. were an-
nounced in the course of the evening.

AccIDENT WITH AN ExcavaTiING ENGINE AT
KeEnsineton.—A serious accident has occurred
at the Gloucester and Cromwell-roads cutting,
Kensington, where an extension line of the
Metropolitan Railway is in course of construc-
tion. It appears that a steam excavating en-
gine, together with the necessary implements
and tackle, were fixed at the mouth of a pit, and
the process of delving and bringing up the soil
to the surface was being carried on, when, from
some cause or other, the engine, &c., with its
weighty accompaniments, fell over into the pit.
There were three men on the engine at the
time of its fall, the engineer, the stoker, and an
attendant (who were severely injured), and
several labourers or miners were at work below.
As the engine descended the shorings were torn
away, and the whole mass of mould and débris
fell to the bottom. Providentially, the men at
work below received the alarm by the crashing
of the timber shoring, the roaring and hissiog of
the steam and water, and the sudden blocking
out of the light. They all escaped with the ex-

ception of one man.

if
ff
¥

is

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%

PEE LACES

382

THE BUILDER,

[May 23, 1868,

Avtar or Fire at BuckrncHaM PaLace.—
On Friday, in last week, shortly after the arrival
of the Prince and Princess of Wales at the
State ball given by command of the Queen, and
whilst the company was still arriving, and the
ball was about to commence, it was found that
from the too great heat of the gas the glass of
an illuminated window cracked and fell to the
floor, and the flame of the gas had commenced
to attack the wooden framework. Fortunate
the contractor and two men were in attend-
ance, and they at once ran to the main and turned
the gas off. The people outside, however, fearing
that the palace would be destroyed, had sent off
for the engines of the Metropolitan Brigade, and
in & very few minutes four or five land-steamers,
with a number of manual machines, arrived at
the entrance to the palace, but, of course, the
services of the firemen were not required.

Liverrpoo. ArcHiTEcturaL Socrety. — The
annual meeting has been held at the Royal
Institution, Mr. Kilpin in the chair. The fol-
lowing prizes for designs of churches were pre-
sented :—First, Mr. George Smith; and second,
Mr. W. J. Casson. The first prize for figure-
drawing was awarded to Mr. Thomas Medcalfe,
and the second to Mr. H. H. Hermann. The
statement of accounts showed that at the end of
last year there was a balance in hand of upwards
of 101., and there now remained a balance of
5l. 15s. 3d. The secretary read the report of the
council, which showed that the society had con-
tinued to increase in numbers, which was a
proof that its influence and status in the town
had not diminished. On the motion of Mr.
Boult, the report was adopted. Mr. J. P. Horner
was unanimously elected president of the society
for the ensuing year; and Messrs. Haigh and
Vale were appointed vice-presidents. The other
officers were appointed, after which it was
agreed that the annual excursion of the Society
should this year be to Gressford and Wrexham.
The chairman then read an address, in the
course of which he alluded to the importance
which ought to be attached to the establishment
of labourers’ dwellings, and made a complaint
as to Liverpool not having a fine-art exhibition,
such as Edinburgh and Glasgow had.

Tue Kirsy UnperpaLte Tumvutvus. — During
April the Rev. Canon Greenwell, of Durham,
and several local archwologists, have been
engaged in the full examination of the large
tumulas on Lord Halifax’s estates on the Wold
scarp, near Kirby Underdale. The results of
the examination just closed are very curious.
The mound was circular, but very flat, not
being more than 3 ft. high, with a diameter
of 94 ft. This was due to cultivation, how-
ever. The barrow was both British and Anglo-
Saxon, one over the other. The inner British
barrow was 70 ft. in diameter, and covered only
one burnt interment in a central grave nearly
7 ft. deep. Except in the diseovery of parts
of a British drinking-cup, a green-stone axe,
and a few flints near, on the east, there was
no further trace of the Britons. Upon the
British mound, however, the Anglo-Saxons had
formed a large cemetery, depositing their bodies
upon it in rows 3 ft. apart, and the bodies them-
selves also about 3 ft. apart. These rows all
ran east and west, and the burial upon the sur-
face was shown by the elevated heads on the
east side, and the heads lowest on the west.
The burials exceeded seventy in number. The
great bulk of the burials were contracted,
many of them very much so, resembling
British interments, and in this disagreeing
with the almost invariable mode of Anglo-
Saxon interment at full length. An immense
number of relics have been found with the
seventy burials. Of these the chief are five iron
swords, forty iron knives (various), some of which
have been in contact with cloth, the impression
remaining on the oxide; twelve iron steels for
sharpening knives, some showing signs of much
use; eight necklaces of glass and pot beads, two
with gold pendants, one with silver pendants,
and an ivory one set in silver; twenty bronze
buckles, some of them gilt ; thirty iron buckles,
four bronze boxes (one full of thread of two
kinds), a flint and steel, &c. The special pecn-
liarjties of this grand tumulus were—the con-

Anglo-Saxon burials, the absence of
cruciform fibula and spears, the frequency of
bronze boxes, no coffins, &c., and particularly
the finding of skeletons of young men—the
aged ones being invariably those of women.
This is regarded as an indication of frequent
wars having carried off the male population at
an early age.

Tue Serron Park Quantitizs.—The mem-
bers of the Liverpool Town Couneil who took
exception to the quantities taken out by Messrs.
Andre & Hornblower, employed Messrs. Mills &
Fletcher to check the quantities, and the result
is a difference, on an amount of over 70,0001.,
of only I8l. 3s. 5d. To Messrs. Andre & Horn-
blower’s charge of 1,0001. for taking out the
quantities, there have now been added 3221,
charged by Messrs. Mills & Fletcher for check-
ing these quantities. .

Process For Coverine Iron aND STEEL
with Copper without a Batrery.—This pro-
cess, due to Herr Graeger, is described in a
recent number of Dr. Boettger’s Polytechnisches
Notizblatt, according to the Scientijic Review for
May. The objects are first well cleaned, and
then painted over with a solution of protochloride
of tin, and immediately afterwards with an
ammoniacal solution of sulphate of copper. The
layer of copper thus produced adheres so firmly
to the iron or steel that the different objects can
be rabbed and polished with fine chalk without
injuring the deposit. The tin solution is prepared
with one part of crystallised chloride of tin, two
parts of water, and two parts of hydrochloric
acid ; the copper solution with one part sulphate
of copper, sixteen parts of water, and ammonia
sufficient to re-dissolve the precipitate formed
when itis added. Zinc and galvanised iron can
be treated, according to Boettger, directly by the
copper solution, without using the tinsalt. The
above process may be found useful by gilders, and
for various ornamental purposes.

TENDERS.

For warehouse and stabling, Cross-street, Finsbury.
Mr, H. J. Hammond, architect :—

Ennor 0 06

Turner & Sons 0 0

acey 00

Bishop 0 0

Eaton & Chapman e :
0

For dwelling-house, River, Kent, for Mr, Alfred Kings-
ford, Mr. Rowland Rees, jun., architect :—

WE cscccchshsniohiapthcinsascartidovadeat £2,283 0 0
Adevek 2,150 0 0
Tunbridge 1,965 0 0

For the erection of gate-lodge, on the Lincoln-road, for
Mr. James Thorpe. Mr. Charies Baily, architect :-—
Fretwell (accepted) ........0:s.00000. 2300 @ 0

For the erection of cottege, near malthouses, Newark,
for Mr. William Gilstrap. Mr. Charles Baily, architect :-—
Mackenzie & Fretwell (aecepted) £204 0 0

For the erection of four warehouses, Monkwell-street,
Wood-street, E.C, Mr. Herbert Ford, architect, Quan-
tities supplied by Messrs. Hovenden & Heath :—

Stone Front,

& Bon ......... £19,655 0 0 ...275 0 0
Conder & Sons....... - 1,632 00 .. 76 0 @
Lawrence & Sons ... 10,532 0 0 ... 1560 0 O
Piper & Wheeler ... 10,500 6 0 ... 70 0 0
Turner & Sons......... 10,470 0 0 ... &8 00
Myers & Sons ......... W443 00... 6 O00
King & Sons............ 10,360 0 0 ... 9 0 0
Crabb & Vaughan... 10,296 0 0 ... 211 0 0
Mann 10,175 0 0 ... 0 0 @
lee 0... 290 ¢

Henshaw ............... 9,985 0 0 ... 125 0 0
Browne & Robinson. 9,879 0 0 ... 98 0 0
BOOMS isn casentiniaculbaie 9,747 0 0... 8 0 0
Webb & Sons......... 9,684 00... 6 0 0

For finishing two houses in Granada-road, Southsea.
Mr, A. D, Dawnay, architect :—

With Pointed With Bay Out-
Fronts, Windows, buildings.
Ward & Son ...£472 0 0 .., £632 0 0 ...@5711 4
Backhurst ...... 45 00... 57900... 0 0 0
Morey wre 495 0 0 563 0 0 .., 10 0
Burbidge......... 3909 0 0 .. 60 00 .. 410 0
Blackburn ...... _ wie ee . BW S90
Bailey ...ccccessce ~ on OO us me
For new school-rooms, v: Commercial-street

&e.,

Chapel, Northampton. Bir. T. Heygate Vernon, architect,
Quantities supplied by Messrs. Mann & Saunders :—
e 0

SOON on aca baddbtcneesdagnonbibskbaciuca: £1,399 0
Redshaw 1,384 0 0
Marsh 1,350 0 0
WEIN <ccincabdnmseinemeniprséioninen 1,200 0 0
PRCA i SER aE ME 1,126 0 0
Smith, Brothers ..............0000.05 1,116 0 6
Clarke & Heap ........ evecevesetnabees 1,090 0 0
Cosford & Ewery (accepted) ... 1,000 0 0

Sisatleidibinanenbapeotceesasie 400

For the erection of tive c near the Cornwall-
road, Hammersmith. Mr, John Milall, architect, Quan-
tities not supplied :—

Beaziey ... : .«» £1,100 . 0
Chamberlain, Bros. ............- ~ 1,065 0
J. & BP. Ra: sapeepavioniveneiioney,; saan -@

For alterations and repairs at the Prinee of Branswick
Inn, Bronewsick-street, Biackfriars, for Mr. H, G
mrenaee, ee D. Haylock, architect :—

Winterton
Stone

SEREE
ecoeoo
eceoo

Harrington
Langmead & Way (accepted) ......

For house and offices at Stoke Newington, for Mr,
Go, Bocse, Besk & lon, erent ™

ELLEN OLE LAL £3,007 0 0
2,960 0
Collis & Son. 2,900 0 6
one Gees aetssetuanes ose roy : ~
etl & hone csssoccessomestemsecses Mee OO
Sewell & Son..... wines BR: @ ©
Foster 2,670 0 0
Conder. 2,573 0 0
For new assembly-rooms at Stoke Newington. Mesers,
Reck & Lee, architects :—

Collis & Son £2,950 6 @
Woodward 2,780 @ 0
Browne & Robi 2,608 0 0

Liebe 2,687 0 0
Webb & Sons. 2,666 0 0
Ashby & Sons. 2,564 0 0
Conder. 23,472 0 0

ecacbbsnsiuvess ovate scduckioasbel £9,987 0 0
Patman .. 9,986 0 0
Kelty, Be0Gs .0iccsscscccssasees wdapae 9,721 0 0
WB ccsomnsssncnionse 9,630 0 0
Keeble 9623 0 0
Wells 9,5 0 0
Newman & Maan ..............00004 - 9486 0 0

00
00
60
0 0
00
00
00

road. Mr. J. Phelps, architect :—
TE vncencpncesepnenpeceusipnangotganeay £11,670 0 0
TARIID vesetsesvers cnc onchbnsteiverensncsas 11,599 0 @
Downes ... 11,560 0 0
00
0 0
00
60
60
00
00
0 0
00
00
00

For Kensington sewers. Mr. J. Broadbridge, sur-

veyor :—

. Floyd £1,900 0 0
Crockett 1847 0 0
Nicholson 1,820 0 0
Bloomfield. ........0...s-erccrsseserseece 1,813 0 O
Goodair 1802 9 0
Whittick 1,758 0 0
W gmore (accepted) ........0-..6 1,685 0 0
Wainwright ....,....cccces.cacereeeees 1,680 0 0
Falaoner 1576 0 0
Taeey &. C0. ccorereverescoveranee wee 1,350 0 0

¥or house at Bound’s Green, for Mr, G. P. Francis.

Mr, A. Rowland Barker, architect :—
Messrs. Brown... ....0......00ee+ ww. £1,110 0 0
ei = 33
potenmearnoceibenidiens
Pocock 845 0 0
Serivener & Co. .....cccccccsccvee 824 0 O

For residence at Shepherd’s B for Mr. T.

Mr. C. Bradley, architect :— =, ——
ard, Brothers .......,... covers 2,216 0 @
Tabb. e

1,346 0
Longmire & Burge (aecepted)... 1,697 0 0

For alterations to two houses, Islington, Li for
Mr. John Stoward. Mesers. Picton, Seatann b beaien

— £610 0 6
BD ngacdvovepegecinreceieogabetiinnbesined 6 0 6
Tomkinson (accepted) ............ - 00 00

For alterations and sdditions in forming shop and
offices in Peascod-street, Windsor, for Mr. R. .
Mr, W. Simm, architect :—

Atkins £618 10 0
Snowball. 615 0 0
BOOGNEE cobscesacrtiviscelantextivpssscanaie 611 0 0

For the erection of a pair of semi-detached villas at

Sydenham, for Mr. W. A, Little, Mr. W. Powell, archi-
Jacobs £2,080 0 0
WAPI IER ccouimponritucnninihenianveninds 1,950 0 0
Capps 1,900 0 0
Waterson 1,750 0 0

672 0 @

For the first portion of road and drains on the Bellewne
Eatate, for Mr. W. A. Little. Mr, W. Powell,
surveyor :—

¢ #18 10 8
apps
Pere & CO. wucssscrsssscenseerereerces 205 0 O
Colson 230 0 0
Green 200 0 @
24 0 0
Ben bie 225 0 0
Dramwmond (accepted) .......... ~soe 228 8 6
Ha 210 0 0
Cole 198 10 0
Porter 195 0 0
T. Lawrence 186 0 0
176 0 0
.| Bor farm buildings at West Newton, near Darston, for
Mr, J. H. Warre. Mr. J. Houghton Spencer, arebi-

teet:—
Dinham & Hawkins

gest
ocoeoo
ecoeo

ao
evheede Geli ae

#2. |i

$s |) BLES, EZR ELP LS,

Qe

i} Sazwes

| ww e3.0

@mQEPQPrpeverers Nf | Eweor

May 23, 1868. |

THE BUILDER.

383

For additions to Diskecter Vicarage,

Mr. J. Houghton

for the Bev. W. Mg
Speer tom & Howkine ssenenesnens 498 9 9
co 365 0 0
ction ae eo

op EICATED TO MASTER
blished, im crown Sv

E GREAT ARCH
Le SERA T ABORITEOL : Hin Plen of

God and Man.
Londen : LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. Paternoster-row.

BR. HASKOLL’S NEW WORK.
Now ready, deans Bra, price nO loth, with Fourteen Folding

AND and MARINE SURVEYING, | sitet
and

Thirst & Co. “E777 00 in reference to the of Piams for Roads
700 0 8 ways, Canals, Rivers, Water Supplies, Docks, and
M 7% 08 0 + with of
Crockett 74 0 0 oS. ba
BVORS Os cereeree ame uw
Adamson & fions eevee caeserseseoors oo? 629 08 one ENGINEER'S, MINING SURVEYOR’S,
NTRACTOR’S FIELD BOOK.

Jer seeing Seee anaes ut ypee Gnptem, Gee We, large, with numerous Ovts, =o

Wood % £4,502 0 0 pom neg BK FoR. SE a oo
0
_— - 2 33 “EXAMPLES of BRIDGE and VIADUCT
pe 4.124 CONSTRUCTION. Second Edttion, much With 550
Myers ion 8 Eetimates and 90 large Folding Piston fio 1 moroceo, price
Ennor 8,337 @ 0 “A valuable vulume, added useful
Webb & Bons............c0c. 3,748] 90 © lenge of omy pan wear Dude. sfeomne
London : oners’ Hall-court,
Bee Ren Reese, ing, sud See aatagneah Remap
it be
8 [aE "PRACTICE of ENGINEERING
K, Re
ng 4 4 : ine - ere y Sekonyler- 9 teat attae
3,133 0 0 With 49 Plates and numeroas @ Woedeate. Sve. Sa, or the Ist and saa | ®
Wigmore 8,087 10 0 Vols, together 21.
aiblioonendsaasnagnemnind «. 8,086 0 O Publishers: ATOHLRY & 00, 106, Great Rasell-steest, W.C.

For building new warehouse, 62, Coleman-street, City,
E.C., for Mr. F, Walters. Mr. G.J. Loe, architect :—
Crabb & Vaughan (accepted) ... 21,660 0 0

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

A. D—W. W.—J, W.—T. B. V.—B. F.—D. @. A—J. W.—J. P.—
C. & V.—Mr. C.—Celsus.—Dr. M.—J. R.—H. B.—T. W.—J. RA. D. |
—E. R.—Col. C—-H, L—W. T.-—G.—D. J. . (thanks).—Mr. V.—
4.6.—M &G.—E. A.G—A. D. D.—An Architect.—T. G.—-E. H.

Nors,—Architects whe are unwilling (as we are) that their names |
should not accompany lists of tenders with which they are concerned
may prevent the omission by sending lists themselves, We cannot
repeat lists on the ground of such omission.

We are compelled to decline pointing out books and giving |

All statements of facts, lists of Tenders, &c., must be accompanied |
by the name and address of the sender, not meemsarily for
publication.

Nors.—The responsibility of signed articles, and papers read at
public meetings, rests, of course, with the authers.

Advertisements cannot be recewwed for the ewrrent | ®”

week's issue later than THREE o'clock
on THURSDAY.

The Publisher cammot be responsible for Ort-
GINAL Testimonsats left at the Ofice in reply to
Advertisements, and strongly recommends that
Copies ONLY should be sent,

G2” NOTICE.—AU Communications respect-
ing Advertisements, Selewislioen, Gu aiewd be
addressed to “The Publisher of the Builder,”
No. 1, York-street, Covent Garden. Al other
Communications should be addressed to the)...
“ Editor,” and not to the “ Publisher.”

p.@.,

MONOGRAMS of every conceivable design,
Crests, Armorial Bearings, &., in gold or en-
riched with enamel and gems, “have been intro-
duced as decorations for J. W. Benson’s Watches.
By appointment to the Prince of Wales. Old
Scnheieet Westbourne-grove; and Ludgate-
hill. See Price-list.

NEW DESIGNS from the Paris Exhibition
have been introduced into all branches of the
Clock Department at J. W. Benson’s, Watch
one tau Maker roe pe Old

street ; Westbourne-grove ; Ludgate- | weaited
hill. Bee Price-list.

WHEREAS it has come to our knowledge

EA 1 E’S SERIES
WORKS ON BUILDING, &c.
ACOUSTICS of PUBLIC BUILDINGS; or,
the Science of Bound applied to the Parposes of the Architect and
the Butider. By T. R sMITH. MRS. Ba. Price Ie. 6d.

BLASTING and QUARRYING of STONE,
for Building, &. By General Sir JOHN BURGOYNE, Bart, Price

ls, 64.
BRICK and TILE MAKING: Detailed
Sones of the Various Processes. By EDWARD DOBSON. |

| “BUILDING. The Art of Building. By C

EDWARD DuBSON. Price Is. 64.’

BUILDING ARCHES, PIERS, and BUT- |
By W. BLA

TREASES. ND. ——
CARPENTRY ond “JOINERY, the RUDI- | Smee wit be required to act as °

<< By Professor ROBISON and THOMAS TREDGOLD,
N.B.— Atlas of Plates i)! ustrating the above.

met nee BUILDING. By BRUCE "ALLEN,
"DOOR LOCKS and IRON SAFES. Their |

Construction, &e, By C. TOMLINSON and R. MALLET. 2. 6d.
DRAINAGE t ances and BUILDINGS.
G. D. PRMUPSEY, C

Specifications, &e. sy 8.

FOUNDATIONS ‘ond ind CONCRETE WORK.

By B. DOBSON, ©.E. 1+. 64.
LIMES, CEMENTS, MORTARS, CON-

CRETE, MASTIOS, &, ByG. R BURNETT. 1s. 64
MASONRY and STONE- CUTTING:
Principles of

QU ANTITIES and MEASUREMENTS : How

to Calculate and Take them in » Masons’, Plaster ers’,
Plumbers’, Paisaers’ fl, @iiders’,” Smiths’, Carpenters’.
Rules for Abstracting, 4c. By ALFRED

- Joiners’ Work ;
Ea

C. BEATON.
ee The Peincigtes of Construction in
ane J of Roofs. By — ROBISON,
Puicw, tea EDGOLD. ith 34 Diagrams.
WARMING and VENTILATIN| G. Domestic | say
and Public Buildings, Mines, Lighthouses, Ships, &:. By CHARLES

TOMLINCON. 3s.
London and New York: VIRTUE & 00.

AM P-POSTS — Plain and Ornamental
Ditto

DWARF GAS-PILLARS. Ditte Ditto,
LAMP-BRACK «TS.
LA™ in Copp-r, Tin, Iron,
NUMBERs for #THEET-LAM PS, newly invented.

Al »
GATES, RaILINGA, &c. VA8>S for GARDENS, TERRACRS, &c.
A Book of the newest DESIGNS for these will be forwarded free
on oat of ‘" 1. in stamps, which will be allowed on first order,
BR & AL! EN, Founders aad « entractors,
a2 UPPER TH AM Ks STREERT, LONDON.

ERFECTION in BOOKKERPING.—
BUILDERS and Others destring a reality good syst-m, can
have a SET of MODELS for BUILD#RS’ BOOKS, by DOUBLE
ENTRY, to which was awarded the prize offe:ed in “‘ The Bu‘ler,”
No, 1.486, and which bes bow ad by many large Sirus, Also a

MTECT : oP ie ein ot 1

w ready,
ATING f RAILWAYS.
By EDWARD RYDE, Some.
Betne No. 1. of Cas-el.’s Practical nee Books.
CASBRLL, PETTER, & GALPEY, Lotestemail E.c.

SUFFOLK AGRIOULTU ® ASSOCIATION.
PRiZE CorracE PLANS.—Copies con-

Pm ren yt goog —_ _ of each, -_
on appiics ion Secretary,
HOBEET BOND, 10 Queen-sirest, Ipowich. Price, 4s. each. Free

PyAvze EXHIBITION. — June lst to

over for
or ACT
Dorrell &

RE, care of

ERSPECTIVES Drawn and Coloured
GEORGE NATTRESS,
ARCHITECTURAL ARTIST,
No. 3, Lansdown Cottages, Lansdown-piace, Boutn Lambeth.

PLANS PREPARED, Specifications made
out, Quantities care Gutedet. Bai'der-’ Accounts ad-
as Oy -Satee, SURVETOR. Neo. 1, Victor-visias, Albert-road,

CAPITALISTS.—A BUILDER, in a

country town, within 60 miles of London, is in want of

&, with about 2.0001. capita!, to assist him fa carrying on

very successful country Bailding Basine« The Partner is re-

quire im consequence of the Advertiser's father haviac reti-ed from

basiuess —For particulars apply to Mr. SALTER, Architect,
Sudbury, Buffo'k.

ERS, DECORATORS, &c.

UILD
({ILDERS, \ thareaghly experienced in House

Work, may be OBTAINED at the House of Call, Marlborough
Ian, Blenheim heim-steps, Oxford-street.— Address to the Secretary.

O EMPLOYERS of CARVERS.—

beer eee re ee
| Sitpiten sp a oo Ses Sagne-ca8

Plans,
DWELLING - “HOUSES, Erection of, with | ted tera a Sees

Information may be had reg:rding the wong a ty Po
gt ome heey noma Society.—Addrem, WM. McC.
Shamrock -street, Glasgow.

ORPURATION of FOLKESTON€.—The

h of Folkestone give notice, that at

, to be held on WEDNE-DAY, the l0th day of JUNE,

at the ‘own Hail, at SIX o'clock p.m. they wit! be prep«red to

appoint a duly qualified person teact as LOCAL SURVEY 'R *R for the

it to on the Ist July, 1868. Sach

* Local Surveyor” and * * Inapector of
Nuisances ;" not to follow any business or calling on

count, but to devote his whole s‘tentiou to owe talthfal diveh

all the duties devolving upon bim in his office ; tv perform al

duties apvertainiug to those offices under the Mosisipal Corvoration

| the Folk t Act, ani the several Acts iucor-

rated therewith, and any bye-lews, rules, or connected

therewith and uoder any other Act or Acts im ferce within the

, and to ebryal! the — 1m af the Corporation in counexion

mties; to take the care and

avpoiutmeuts ; to prepare

3 to know the value of lahour
the charge, su verintendeace, and

| M4,

ise,

own ac-
of
the

to investigate and report as to the ¢
Cone en ee ae Se tae a ee
— te prepare the accounts and certify the ivure for all la-
ur and materials and all bills (but it will form wo part of the duties
the l«boarers or bills): to take the charge, superintendence,
bon management of all such works ar ave now or may hereafter
come within the previvee and order of the Corporation, and to
form all duties arising out of such several duties aud offices.
Office to be beld daring the pleasure of the Corporation Salery 2002,
per annum, payable ¢ The Corporati will provide an
je with Faiened gaa, stationery, and other materials in
he performance of his dut es, but any ass’stance which he may re-
shail be at his owa expense. 8-curity to b+ given for per-
mance of the duties—the Officer himself in 1007. and two sureties
oe 50t. ne See WR ger oe must forward their ap ications and te-ti-
to me, at my Office (uuder seat), and maorked
of Surveror,” at or before FIVE o’ciock on
. 1868, accompaited with a letter In
= own handwriting, oo their age, and their present or latest
aud coutstaing the names and addresses of the pro-
posed suret 4 The Corpuration do aot bh prctes one ives to make

any ose if the are not ap-
proved. —B; order of the Corporation,
‘ RALPH THOMAS BROCKMAN, Town Clerk.
Potkestone, 18th May, 1868.
Nors.—5i. per annum will be added to the salary for care and
supervision of the Town-hall and 0 nes,

NSTANT EMPLOYMENT for a good
GLAZIER and CUTTER. Good references indispeusable.—
WILLIAM N. PROY, Glass Merchant, Hamwer-mith, Londen.

od stern a 3 CLERK.—WANTED, by the
19. 0 SITUAVEON as above, Mighast rofer-
ALPHA, Li, Stowe-road,

te

XFORD LOCAL BOARD.—The Board

at their meeting to be held at the Town ball, in Oxford, on
TURSDAY, the 91m day of JUNE next, at ELEVEN o'ciock in the
forencen, will procesd to the APPOINT TMENT ofa SURVEYOR, who
wiil also of N 1m the room somal Sie. 5. Galpin,
resigned. The Surveyor will have te provide, at Own expense, an
to the appreval of the Board. and such

ve

t by Single Kuury, suitabie for suai b
a 1 ot 8t. George’s-road, Regent's Park, London,

WELLINGS FOR WORKING

that unauthorized persons represent themselves Society for Impro orig the“ wit of fhe Labourtng Came
as ts for and —— Ranged tion (Sixth Thousan.1) ri ae cs
CHAPPUIS’ PATENT DAYLIGHT eet % ae snow dad, the S

REFLECTORS,
We hereby beg to CAUTION the public that
none are representatives of our firm who do not
produce printed forms of orders, nor shall we
hold ourselves responsible for the good manu-
facture of Reflectors unless authenticated by our
trade-mark.
P. E. CHAPPUIS & OO.,
Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers of Chappuis’
Patents for Reflecting Light.
No. 69, Fleet-street, April 25, 1868.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

How ready, in emblematic ' Saigon, i elegantly printed, price
['stRvcTions 3 tr “WOOD CARVING

Plates.
Hall-court, B.C,

With
‘London: LOCKWOOD & CO. 7,

HEALTHY DWELLING, Hittorical of the ne iors
made ior extending its Bena to the Working Population, particu-
lary in te Metropol, and likewise on —— neut, With

Piaus of Model Houses, those of the

numerous 1
late Prince Consort and > Dae Windsor Society, as well as
adapted to Towns and to Rara! Districts.

HENRY Bane mgm Esq. F.8.A.

yas GRAMMAR a ORNAMENT.
Lastrated by Rxam lee in varus style of Ornament
Cue Velame imap ral Se, cee et ot ofoms,

B. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, London.

central part of the city, to be approved hy The surveyor
will be red to devote the whole of his time to the service of
Board, to fulfil the duties of the two offices as ae

of the anti to enter iuton written agreenien C)
Spates pre any o'her work. He will also
be sutjcet to such further regulations asthe Board may from time to
to time see fit to make. App ications fo writing, with testimonials
and references, are to be delivered (post-free) at the Office of the
Cl-rk to the Beart, No. la, Saint Giles-strest, Oxford, on or before
WEDNESDAY, the ara of JUNE next, “ Appl for
Office of

FREDERICK J. MORRELL, Clerk to the Board.
la, Saint Giles’s, Oxtord, May 12, 1968.

EQUIRED, a FOREMAN of WORKS,
throronghly experienced, to go out to ages

Soe OO Sal faa eens “i
statement of to be for-

services
warded to the tarvaye-Ocbera of Frans ai, Farunuaat rw

Westminster, 8. W.
ANTED.—LIZARD SERPENTINE

COMPANY (Lim‘ted).—+BCRErARY er for the
Office. Cg oe of the marble trade, aud of the Archi-
x, tothe Di *

anal
+

WANTED, a THREE-BRANCH
to T. BURGESS, 65, Torriano-voaue , N.W.

good FIGURE ¢ CARVER.—

TO CARV

a it oa

ry.
4
iJ

384 TH E BUILDER.

[May 23, 1868,

ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, GENTLEMEN, AND OTHERS.

ANTED, immediately, a an ASSISTANT,

capable of measuring work and levelling, ‘and ANTED, by a thoroughly practical Man.
a qualified to make yh ketch ile. Vi a RE-ENGAG elonT a FOREMAN, Cane of Work, o te
not less ‘Sen thirty years of age, referred —Adirens, with with perintend the building and repairs on an estate. Joiner by trade,

pao He B and amount of ans, to AN & SMITH, Archi- ieee draw, make working drawings, &c. Good references.—Address,

tects, Hursefair, Leicester. A. RB. 3, alien’s-terrace, Camera-square, Chelsea, 8.W.

WANTED, a RE-ENGAGEMENT in

an ARCHITECT'S or SURVEYOR'S OFFICE, by s Young

Man, aged 20, Has been with a four yeara,

Colourist, good writer, and ncsndaten Woald be gat of improve.

om ae gn se ae —Address,J.R No. 7, Lichfield-street,
an

Wane ean ela aeent wate pace WANTED, 3 a RE-ENGAGEMENT, by
stand sot s cama, heaping of ’ mate bh BOOK-KREPRR. Is well up in extitonting. | |
| sowie of machinery Apply, afer BIX Dan. 1 7 eS eral ore anaes — Address, X. ¥, Z.

Stracey’s Library, 2, Hanover-place, Recent’s Park, N.W.
W 7 ANTED, in the Office of an Architect, a

os ae Ei So By ANTED, by a ns mg i ae en M
_ ae A a pushing and steady Man
pent ae — W. BRICKWORK, Traber —e or « berth as ~ Boca -

\ ANTED, a MAN to WORK a MOULD- wieh- mew Po, » T. G. 3, Herne-place, Dal-
G MACHINE—

Address, 47, Old-street, St. Luke's.

DERS AND PLU

WANTED, : ‘SIT UATION or JOB, by a
Bath BF gym baa fed yo Rey g Fy my up with Painting, if
required.— Address, A. B. 47 Gerrard-street, Islington, N.

\ ANTED, a a good. *THREE- BRANCH

HAND, on ee ee stating age ‘aad
wages required, to H. THOMAS, 79, Upper Whitecross-street, E.C

RCHITRCTS AND BUILDERS,
ANTED, a RE-EN GAGEMENT, by an

Man, Jol) trade, ouERK
“or GENE A yt oes sadewstands t *

the
ou can measu:
works. Good references. tod Adin ha ee =
a

promt an tage wg
HE ‘Advertiser, just just completing the
wwe a en or Was
(Phe ge On as
and it Excellent references.—
Brightest Blskenhend— N.B. Sie whjertien (emve tanned;

experience in tropical climates.
Ta Advertiser is desirous of a permanent

Re apn so genn i a London Architect's office.

RCHITECTS AND BUILDERS.

NT ANTED, by an experienced, practical
W ANTED, in n the 0 office ce of the above, an Man, ¥ SITUATION as CLEKK of WORKS, or GENERAL
ENGAGEMENT as ASSISTANT. Accustomed to make plans | FORRMAN. Has « thorough knowledge of the various
and elevations from rough sketches, of houres, offices, warebouses, | Can prepare plans and working drawi measure up work, take
- Well up in perspective and ironwork, and the general routine | ont quantities, and estimate.—Address ‘\ddres, We Ww . 42, Grafton-road,

of an office.—Address, A. B. 7, Lawn-terrace, Blackheath, 8.E. Kentish Town, N.W.

ANTED, a PERSON of ENERGY, ARCHITECTS, SURVEYORS, AND BUILDERS.
with 5007. to join a thorough Practical Man to carry out a W: A ‘N TE D, by the Advertiser an
Building Estate near London. The operation will last five yeara. ENGAGEMENT, with either of the _— Good draughts-
A large sum can be made.—Apply, by letter, to A. B. 20, Cottenham- | man, quantity s oun, and estimator. keep books, and
t of men. vinsbchans testimonials.

Address, A. 8. B. at Atkinson's Post-offic e, _Liverpoot-road, | road, Islington
TO LAND SURVEYORS. —— ener Bekmenciow

7 ANTED, for a few weeks, an ASSIST- FEROSS AUD BUILDERS,

ANT SURVEYOR, experienced in aa sarveys — Address, \ ANTED a. a RE-ENGAGEMENT, by
stating qualifications, age, terms, and previous eogagements, to F. W. a good and rapid DRAUGHTSMAN. Well up in —
Post pS a Chelmsford | tion, working drawings, surveying, a_i jons, &e.
ences, Town or country. — = . 0, Y, Saedochutereh,

road, Upper Holioway.

detail dra draw
accastomed to the general routine of a rat-class gaan
eall on any archt A.M, or after “IVE r u.—
A. LB. A. square, W.

[HE Advecionn aa me ay i fod y oe is

in bef vane B Bee ee a_i GA-FI'TER,

or as Three-h Goo! references
if required, 5 — per me boat —Addvey 3. J. Plumber, 61,

Upper ea Wage ha King’s-road, Chelsea.
HE Advertiser is in want of aSITUATION,

to Work Planing or Mould Machine, or Dimension Plasier”
Address, 8. E, 32, Brookby’s- walk, Homerton, N.E

RCHITECTS, BUILDERS,
HE Advarinas uires a ‘RE ENGAGE.

MENT as fog mayo 'VREMAN or A gn ay of WORKS.
Town or country. ner by trade. Has been with the largest build.
ing firm in Iesaon en the last three or four am as general | fore.

WANTED, for a constancy, a THREE: | Soamonsews, Islington, N.

BRANCH HAND, for a Jobbing Shop; must be a good BUILDERS AND CONTRACTO

plumber. One who has a knowledge of gasfit« — AY ANTED, a RE-ENGAGEMENT, as
|

Address, stating age, salary require4, and reference to last employer,
to W. CHAPMAN, British-grove, Turnham-green, W. GENERAL FOKEMAN, to take entire of job. Refer- |
ence to firm leaving this week. + eae BUILDE. ‘3 FOREMAN,

TO PAINTERS, | 32, Herbert-street, New North-ro:
AY 7 ANTED, a Respectable Man as WORK: |

ING FOREMAN i Build yard in th h nay Mepis ton:

n «a Builder's n the country, where |

only twoor three painters are kept. Must be well up in general | W ANTED, by a first-class, energetic Man,
house painting. Ifa grai~er, preferred, As this is a permanent who is just finishing some extensive works in am, 8 a.
situation, none need apply who cannot be well recommended, | SITUATION as WALKING or GENERAL FOREMAN.—Good refer-
Address, stating age, wages required, and all particulars to G. O. | enees,— Address, A. B. 7, Bedford-terrace, Church-street, Notting-hill.
Post-office, Farnham, Surrey.

TO PLUMBERS AND BUILDERS.

TO MANAGERS OF GAS WORKS.
TAN ANTED, a SITUATION, by a Young
W AN TED, by the CORP ORATION of Vy Man, who is a thoroughly competent eft Plamber,
WORKS, Eon hae a ES a a Me Ek
witha t now o w.
o- Repairs to the Works, Mains, Meters, and Fitting», &c. Satis- SSR, SET, POO res
uctory refi and pot mure than 3 poe |
must eech Salary to commence at 1 TO BUILDERS.
anpum.—A< plications to ee in own bindwriting, au ae, TAN TED, a RE-ENGAGEMENT, by
&c., not later than THURSDAY, JUNE 1lith, 1868, under seal, to . GENERAL FOREMAN. wm be disengaged next week.
the Chairmen of the Gas Committee, Gas Works, Doncaster, A pirst lacs refi No ction to country.—Address, ALPHA
personal canvass will disqualify any applicant. Inquiry as to yo 3, Btanes- end, Borough. " .
duties may be made either personally of by letter of Mr. THOMAS |
OXLRY, Secretary, at the Gas Works. TO PLUMBER&S AND BUILD’

Wane JOINERS and STAIRCASE | Ww ANTED, a permanent SITUATION, by

_ 2 theesughiy good PLUMBER; will have no objection to |
“The Buil HANDB, to take PIECE-WORK.—Address, 403, Office cf ag glazing whea slack. 236. Good references.— Address ,

. P. WILSON, 134, B P
W JANTED, a RE-ENGAGEMENT as| UILDERS AND OTHERS.

CLERK of WORKS, General Foreman, or ou an Estate, by | > «
a thorvughiy practical Man "Good dreaghtama0, quantity eurveyor, W ANTED, es the Advertiser, aged 19, a
and estimator. Can keep books; well up in piecework prices and RE- ENGAGEMENT as JUNIOR curek, Assistant Bock.
mavagement of men. Aged 30 "Good refereuce from last employer, keeper, Timekeeper, &c, Country not ae to. Salary moderate. }
Address, W. 9, Albion-place, Main-street, High gate, Birmingham. ee oo apres . 8. T. Messrs. Durley @ Son, |
e

TO BUILDERS AND CONTR

\ ] ANTED, PLASTERIN G, "Piscowork, by Ww ANTED wren noxperienced DRAUGHTS.

& Practical Man, who is well ex sienesd in teking PL te pare finiah wings
to any amount, either towu or pe. Labour pom Sarr ord MSH, an ENGAGEMENT. pwd ney _ =:

from rough sketches and make ont detai's, Classic style. Has some
me And nal yeni Gothie and perspective Salary 30s. weork.—Ad-
TO ARCHITECTS. dress, J C. 20, Mabledon-place, Burton-creseent, W.C.

WANTED, by an Improver, a RE-

ENGAGEMENT in an Office which will offer facilities for
advancement, imprvement being the chief consideration. Terms haf nye + FOREMAN of JOINERS or as General Outdoor |
moderate —Address, SPE, Pust- fice, Bruton, Somerset. Foreman, by a thorough practical joiner and staircase band.
| 31.—Well up im setting ont al kinds of vets and c4

me TO BUILDERS, &c. draughtsman, First-class a ag from London Ser
.— Adare 6 treet, ™, -
\ ANTED, by an energetic and steady ee ne ee

Man, a RE-ENGAGEMENT as GRNERAL FOREMAN.
aie = 80le oe ajob. Has just finished a large building, and BUILDERS AND OTHERS.
eR ree years prese: a! Good references. — Aadres:

A. B. 9, Weston-terrace, — \ ANTED, by a Young Married Man, a
SITUATION f CLERK and IMEKERPES hadron,

WANTED, by an ARTISTIC INTE- | *-= & Asier Howe, btre Bann

- duncan OR and PRACTICAL DRAUGHTSMAN,

permanency. Thoroughiy ‘anderstanda every branch of Sor ie ANTED, Stairs, rs, Handrails, & Sashes and
Mosaic painting. Has no objection to ay A references. and Carcasses, by Pircowork, labour only. Address,
Rpecimens and metals chown —aApply to J. A. yh terrace | X. A. Z. ee Tunbridge Wells, Kent.

Canterbury-road, NV.
wan Pe Be bys “Young Man, a SITUA. Ww4s NTED, ; ‘by a respectable Married Man,

Constant employ- pins of Gost. ne Soe Coe 2k , and

—o nom mm a os teas a 80, Union- | can give other first-class references as to capahility, in ity, &c. Is
my ates ny of to make himself generally usefu'. Salary mvderate, having
email income of his vwa.— BR. H, Ho. 11, Braydyll-street,

TO BUILDERS, ae,
\ ete \. 44 gy take out oe s,s W ANTED, bya Young Man, a SITUA-
roe y eh Sa experience. Good references. Pe ww PLUMBER and ee rey ban do painting. —

TO OO; RS AND OTHE’S. ARCHITECTS AND VEYORS.
ANTED, eect ENGAGEMENT as Wane by a Young 1 Man, aged 28, a
DOO REMAN, or SITUATION in an Architect's a ee He i a

CLE#K of WORK#. Has bad considerable experience execu'e models of designs
Works. Belary moderate.—Address, H. F, 35, 5, Hornsey-rosd, = Brando metal, eee endean ditious!y. U: Se:
lowny. be given.—Letters addressed to ML. care of Mr. SHULTZ, 80,

Cornhill E.C. will have immediate attention.
Wan TED, by an experienced Man, just
completing « church, a KE ENGAGEMENT as CLELK of | ~ TO 4ROHITELTS, SURVEYORS, AND ESTATE AGENTS.
WORKS, im town or country, Will be disengaged in a week ; is well ANTED, a SIL UATLON in the Offices
Bp a all the branches of the building trade, and is « good draug.ts- pp one eo ee ee ee
Socuen eeu = J a= gaa CLEEE of | survey, &c. Salary moderate.— Address, 409, Office of

ER#, &c. é
WANTED, by an n experienced out-poor| WANZED, by the Advertiser (aged 25), »
ahs, aRMAN ore inky SSRN wae te | Mase ioe pee ae

roa, ieee, 8.
ANTED, by a thorough PAINTER and ANTED, 9 OITU ATION in. in a Jobbing

rt and Brass-fin
GRAINEK,. ATION. Town or county,—Address
3, Abtey-road west, Br. Jobn's-wood, London, ¥.W. we F. 8. ae, OF, & respectab.e Young Man,—Address, GF. 135, Baware.

ANTED a REENGAGEMENT, as A

man. Good references. Age 37.—Address, R. KING, 39, Harrison-
| street, Gray 's-inn-road.

BUILDERS AND OTHERS.

WHE Aaventiae, thoroughly competent to

KEEP PRIME-COST and GENERAL (hone — ecocks an
BNGAGEMENT, é¢ither wholly or tory Terms moderate.—
Address A. L. feast evs Al

RCHITECTS.
ph Advertionr, whose articles are about to
po te Bang desires to meet with an ENGAGEMENT in Kensen,
Specimen drawiogs.—Addres, H. 1,
Soe "oer

ELLHANGER. — WANTED, a SITUA-

TION as BYLLHANGER. Has been used to first. ‘lass work,
— reference’—Address, H. T. 5. 24, Oa'edoniaan-road, London, N,

TO BUILDERS AND OTH
At CARPENTER WANTS a ‘SITUATION.

A FO meng ~ = coratant employment, Wages 544, per
“ The Ba alder.”

CLERK of WORKS, accustomed to Church

peri rienced
A THOROUGHLY. ‘practical, wa peb on

a RE-ENGAGEMENT. Town or country.
| a2... stionable reference: s.— Address, J. C. 5 Great Clarendon-street,
Somers Town, N.W.

UILDRRS.

A CARPENTER ‘aod “JOINER (strictly

Thoroughly ae on
blind making, carpet planing, cabinet repairs, &c. Waces, a
hour, Syuiang Sonate. himself generally useful.—Address, X. Y. 3,
Heury Place, — South | Lambeth,

BUILDERS, DECORA

FIRST-CLASS GRAINER, WRITER,

and DECORATOR is in WANT of « constant SITUATION,
or Job.—Address, W. BOWLER, 36, Princess-stree:, Eigeware-road.

TO ARCHITECTS AND SURVEYORS.
DRAUGHTSMAN and GENERAL
ASSISTANT requires an ay ~ agmeaasin —Address, BE. B. 7,
Albion-vilias, Aibion-road, Holloway, N.

ROHITECTS AN
A NEAT . GENERAL DRAUGHT3MAN

PN hn Lad Pode ENGAGEMENT. Town or country.—Address,
Warwick-road, Keasington.

TO BUILDERS OR MASTER P

GOOD PLUMBER wuher te i to meet with

a JOB, or CONSTANT SITUATION ; can turn his hand to
good re

other branches if required. Two years’ ference from $
employer, — addres, H. B. 3, Golbourne-gardens, Kentish ‘New

A BUILDER'S CLEKK, JOINER BR by
TRADE, can have s Permanent Bogagement.
pee at our. PEVERAL’S, 268, Wal worth-road,

D BUILDERS,

GENERAL FOREMAN, who has com-
, wishes ae —_.

aiivadion, ox seh ah wih a ates i” To te ee Te tecewapnly, reece

be ——

SUBVEYORS, AND BUILDERS.
A N ASSISTANT, of experience, is open to
au ENGAGEMENT, to prepare plans estimates,
ie wiles ta be and measure works.—Address, A. B. care 0
———— wark.

A ons GENERAL ASS! ASSISTANT i is open to an

ee teen a 2 eS Isa

species ecrering Sala‘y moderate. ‘Aged 30.—
piace, W.

4 F GOOD DRAUGHTSMAN and expedi-

tious General A-sistant is now pene

vereant with the various duties of the architectural eit
© | Sess for 0 pectnineney metabarnaetonn. ARON re 12,
Sutherland-place, Eccleston-s,usre, S,ath Belgravia 38.

STEADY Young Man, age26, is in WANT.
LUMBER or Thee B fryer Cae as mae ed plain

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